tree.c

Go to the documentation of this file.

/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
/*                                                                           */
/*                  This file is part of the program and library             */
/*         SCIP --- Solving Constraint Integer Programs                      */
/*                                                                           */
/*    Copyright (C) 2002-2019 Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum                            */
/*                            fuer Informationstechnik Berlin                */
/*                                                                           */
/*  SCIP is distributed under the terms of the ZIB Academic License.         */
/*                                                                           */
/*  You should have received a copy of the ZIB Academic License              */
/*  along with SCIP; see the file COPYING. If not visit scip.zib.de.         */
/*                                                                           */
/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */

/**@file   tree.c
 * @brief  methods for branch and bound tree
 * @author Tobias Achterberg
 * @author Timo Berthold
 * @author Gerald Gamrath
 */

/*---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8----+----9----+----0----+----1----+----2*/

#include <assert.h>

#include "scip/def.h"
#include "scip/set.h"
#include "scip/stat.h"
#include "scip/clock.h"
#include "scip/visual.h"
#include "scip/event.h"
#include "scip/lp.h"
#include "scip/relax.h"
#include "scip/var.h"
#include "scip/implics.h"
#include "scip/primal.h"
#include "scip/tree.h"
#include "scip/reopt.h"
#include "scip/conflictstore.h"
#include "scip/solve.h"
#include "scip/cons.h"
#include "scip/nodesel.h"
#include "scip/prop.h"
#include "scip/debug.h"
#include "scip/prob.h"
#include "scip/scip.h"
#include "scip/pub_message.h"
#include "lpi/lpi.h"


#define MAXREPROPMARK       511  /**< maximal subtree repropagation marker; must correspond to node data structure */


/*
 * dynamic memory arrays
 */

/** resizes children arrays to be able to store at least num nodes */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeEnsureChildrenMem(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   int                   num                 /**< minimal number of node slots in array */
   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);

   if( num > tree->childrensize )
   {
      int newsize;

      newsize = SCIPsetCalcMemGrowSize(set, num);
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSreallocMemoryArray(&tree->children, newsize) );
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSreallocMemoryArray(&tree->childrenprio, newsize) );
      tree->childrensize = newsize;
   }
   assert(num <= tree->childrensize);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** resizes path array to be able to store at least num nodes */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeEnsurePathMem(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   int                   num                 /**< minimal number of node slots in path */
   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);

   if( num > tree->pathsize )
   {
      int newsize;

      newsize = SCIPsetCalcPathGrowSize(set, num);
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSreallocMemoryArray(&tree->path, newsize) );
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSreallocMemoryArray(&tree->pathnlpcols, newsize) );
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSreallocMemoryArray(&tree->pathnlprows, newsize) );
      tree->pathsize = newsize;
   }
   assert(num <= tree->pathsize);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** resizes pendingbdchgs array to be able to store at least num nodes */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeEnsurePendingbdchgsMem(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   int                   num                 /**< minimal number of node slots in path */
   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);

   if( num > tree->pendingbdchgssize )
   {
      int newsize;

      newsize = SCIPsetCalcMemGrowSize(set, num);
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSreallocMemoryArray(&tree->pendingbdchgs, newsize) );
      tree->pendingbdchgssize = newsize;
   }
   assert(num <= tree->pendingbdchgssize);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}




/*
 * Node methods
 */

/** node comparator for best lower bound */
SCIP_DECL_SORTPTRCOMP(SCIPnodeCompLowerbound)
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   assert(elem1 != NULL);
   assert(elem2 != NULL);

   if( ((SCIP_NODE*)elem1)->lowerbound < ((SCIP_NODE*)elem2)->lowerbound )
      return -1;
   else if( ((SCIP_NODE*)elem1)->lowerbound > ((SCIP_NODE*)elem2)->lowerbound )
      return +1;
   else
      return 0;
}

/** increases the reference counter of the LP state in the fork */
static
void forkCaptureLPIState(
   SCIP_FORK*            fork,               /**< fork data */
   int                   nuses               /**< number to add to the usage counter */
   )
{
   assert(fork != NULL);
   assert(fork->nlpistateref >= 0);
   assert(nuses > 0);

   fork->nlpistateref += nuses;
   SCIPdebugMessage("captured LPI state of fork %p %d times -> new nlpistateref=%d\n", (void*)fork, nuses, fork->nlpistateref);
}

/** decreases the reference counter of the LP state in the fork */
static
SCIP_RETCODE forkReleaseLPIState(
   SCIP_FORK*            fork,               /**< fork data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(fork != NULL);
   assert(fork->nlpistateref > 0);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   fork->nlpistateref--;
   if( fork->nlpistateref == 0 )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpFreeState(lp, blkmem, &(fork->lpistate)) );
   }

   SCIPdebugMessage("released LPI state of fork %p -> new nlpistateref=%d\n", (void*)fork, fork->nlpistateref);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** increases the reference counter of the LP state in the subroot */
static
void subrootCaptureLPIState(
   SCIP_SUBROOT*         subroot,            /**< subroot data */
   int                   nuses               /**< number to add to the usage counter */
   )
{
   assert(subroot != NULL);
   assert(subroot->nlpistateref >= 0);
   assert(nuses > 0);

   subroot->nlpistateref += nuses;
   SCIPdebugMessage("captured LPI state of subroot %p %d times -> new nlpistateref=%d\n", 
      (void*)subroot, nuses, subroot->nlpistateref);
}

/** decreases the reference counter of the LP state in the subroot */
static
SCIP_RETCODE subrootReleaseLPIState(
   SCIP_SUBROOT*         subroot,            /**< subroot data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(subroot != NULL);
   assert(subroot->nlpistateref > 0);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   subroot->nlpistateref--;
   if( subroot->nlpistateref == 0 )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpFreeState(lp, blkmem, &(subroot->lpistate)) );
   }

   SCIPdebugMessage("released LPI state of subroot %p -> new nlpistateref=%d\n", (void*)subroot, subroot->nlpistateref);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** increases the reference counter of the LP state in the fork or subroot node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeCaptureLPIState(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< fork/subroot node */
   int                   nuses               /**< number to add to the usage counter */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);

   SCIPdebugMessage("capture %d times LPI state of node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d (current: %d)\n",
      nuses, SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node),
      SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK ? node->data.fork->nlpistateref : node->data.subroot->nlpistateref);

   switch( SCIPnodeGetType(node) )
   {  
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK:
      forkCaptureLPIState(node->data.fork, nuses);
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT:
      subrootCaptureLPIState(node->data.subroot, nuses);
      break;
   default:
      SCIPerrorMessage("node for capturing the LPI state is neither fork nor subroot\n");
      SCIPABORT();
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;  /*lint !e527*/
   }  /*lint !e788*/
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** decreases the reference counter of the LP state in the fork or subroot node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< fork/subroot node */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);

   SCIPdebugMessage("release LPI state of node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d (current: %d)\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node),
      SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK ? node->data.fork->nlpistateref : node->data.subroot->nlpistateref);
   switch( SCIPnodeGetType(node) )
   {  
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK:
      return forkReleaseLPIState(node->data.fork, blkmem, lp);
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT:
      return subrootReleaseLPIState(node->data.subroot, blkmem, lp);
   default:
      SCIPerrorMessage("node for releasing the LPI state is neither fork nor subroot\n");
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
   }  /*lint !e788*/
}

/** creates probingnode data without LP information */
static
SCIP_RETCODE probingnodeCreate(
   SCIP_PROBINGNODE**    probingnode,        /**< pointer to probingnode data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(probingnode != NULL);

   SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocBlockMemory(blkmem, probingnode) );

   (*probingnode)->lpistate = NULL;
   (*probingnode)->lpinorms = NULL;
   (*probingnode)->ninitialcols = SCIPlpGetNCols(lp);
   (*probingnode)->ninitialrows = SCIPlpGetNRows(lp);
   (*probingnode)->ncols = (*probingnode)->ninitialcols;
   (*probingnode)->nrows = (*probingnode)->ninitialrows;
   (*probingnode)->origobjvars = NULL;
   (*probingnode)->origobjvals = NULL;
   (*probingnode)->nchgdobjs = 0;

   SCIPdebugMessage("created probingnode information (%d cols, %d rows)\n", (*probingnode)->ncols, (*probingnode)->nrows);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** updates LP information in probingnode data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE probingnodeUpdate(
   SCIP_PROBINGNODE*     probingnode,        /**< probingnode data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   SCIP_Bool storenorms = FALSE;

   assert(probingnode != NULL);
   assert(SCIPtreeIsPathComplete(tree));
   assert(lp != NULL);

   /* free old LP state */
   if( probingnode->lpistate != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpFreeState(lp, blkmem, &probingnode->lpistate) );
   }

   /* free old LP norms */
   if( probingnode->lpinorms != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpFreeNorms(lp, blkmem, &probingnode->lpinorms) );
      probingnode->lpinorms = NULL;
      storenorms = TRUE;
   }

   /* get current LP state */
   if( lp->flushed && lp->solved )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpGetState(lp, blkmem, &probingnode->lpistate) );

      /* if LP norms were stored at this node before, store the new ones */
      if( storenorms )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpGetNorms(lp, blkmem, &probingnode->lpinorms) );
      }
      probingnode->lpwasprimfeas = lp->primalfeasible;
      probingnode->lpwasprimchecked = lp->primalchecked;
      probingnode->lpwasdualfeas = lp->dualfeasible;
      probingnode->lpwasdualchecked = lp->dualchecked;
   }
   else
      probingnode->lpistate = NULL;

   probingnode->ncols = SCIPlpGetNCols(lp);
   probingnode->nrows = SCIPlpGetNRows(lp);

   SCIPdebugMessage("updated probingnode information (%d cols, %d rows)\n", probingnode->ncols, probingnode->nrows);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** frees probingnode data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE probingnodeFree(
   SCIP_PROBINGNODE**    probingnode,        /**< probingnode data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(probingnode != NULL);
   assert(*probingnode != NULL);

   /* free the associated LP state */
   if( (*probingnode)->lpistate != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpFreeState(lp, blkmem, &(*probingnode)->lpistate) );
   }
   /* free the associated LP norms */
   if( (*probingnode)->lpinorms != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpFreeNorms(lp, blkmem, &(*probingnode)->lpinorms) );
   }

   /* free objective information */
   if( (*probingnode)->nchgdobjs > 0 )
   {
      assert((*probingnode)->origobjvars != NULL);
      assert((*probingnode)->origobjvals != NULL);

      BMSfreeMemoryArray(&(*probingnode)->origobjvars);
      BMSfreeMemoryArray(&(*probingnode)->origobjvals);
   }

   BMSfreeBlockMemory(blkmem, probingnode);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** initializes junction data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE junctionInit(
   SCIP_JUNCTION*        junction,           /**< pointer to junction data */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree                /**< branch and bound tree */
   )
{
   assert(junction != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->nchildren > 0);
   assert(SCIPtreeIsPathComplete(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);

   junction->nchildren = tree->nchildren;

   /* increase the LPI state usage counter of the current LP fork */
   if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCaptureLPIState(tree->focuslpstatefork, tree->nchildren) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** creates pseudofork data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE pseudoforkCreate(
   SCIP_PSEUDOFORK**     pseudofork,         /**< pointer to pseudofork data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(pseudofork != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->nchildren > 0);
   assert(SCIPtreeIsPathComplete(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);

   SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocBlockMemory(blkmem, pseudofork) );

   (*pseudofork)->addedcols = NULL;
   (*pseudofork)->addedrows = NULL;
   (*pseudofork)->naddedcols = SCIPlpGetNNewcols(lp);
   (*pseudofork)->naddedrows = SCIPlpGetNNewrows(lp);
   (*pseudofork)->nchildren = tree->nchildren;

   SCIPdebugMessage("creating pseudofork information with %d children (%d new cols, %d new rows)\n",
      (*pseudofork)->nchildren, (*pseudofork)->naddedcols, (*pseudofork)->naddedrows);

   if( (*pseudofork)->naddedcols > 0 )
   {
      /* copy the newly created columns to the pseudofork's col array */
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSduplicateBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*pseudofork)->addedcols, SCIPlpGetNewcols(lp), (*pseudofork)->naddedcols) ); /*lint !e666*/
   }
   if( (*pseudofork)->naddedrows > 0 )
   {
      int i;

      /* copy the newly created rows to the pseudofork's row array */
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSduplicateBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*pseudofork)->addedrows, SCIPlpGetNewrows(lp), (*pseudofork)->naddedrows) ); /*lint !e666*/

      /* capture the added rows */
      for( i = 0; i < (*pseudofork)->naddedrows; ++i )
         SCIProwCapture((*pseudofork)->addedrows[i]);
   }

   /* increase the LPI state usage counter of the current LP fork */
   if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCaptureLPIState(tree->focuslpstatefork, tree->nchildren) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** frees pseudofork data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE pseudoforkFree(
   SCIP_PSEUDOFORK**     pseudofork,         /**< pseudofork data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   int i;

   assert(pseudofork != NULL);
   assert(*pseudofork != NULL);
   assert((*pseudofork)->nchildren == 0);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);

   /* release the added rows */
   for( i = 0; i < (*pseudofork)->naddedrows; ++i )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIProwRelease(&(*pseudofork)->addedrows[i], blkmem, set, lp) );
   }

   BMSfreeBlockMemoryArrayNull(blkmem, &(*pseudofork)->addedcols, (*pseudofork)->naddedcols);
   BMSfreeBlockMemoryArrayNull(blkmem, &(*pseudofork)->addedrows, (*pseudofork)->naddedrows);
   BMSfreeBlockMemory(blkmem, pseudofork);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** creates fork data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE forkCreate(
   SCIP_FORK**           fork,               /**< pointer to fork data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_PROB*            prob,               /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(fork != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->nchildren > 0);
   assert(tree->nchildren < (1 << 30));
   assert(SCIPtreeIsPathComplete(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);
   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved);
   assert(SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp) == SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_OPTIMAL);

   SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocBlockMemory(blkmem, fork) );

   SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpGetState(lp, blkmem, &((*fork)->lpistate)) );
   (*fork)->lpwasprimfeas = lp->primalfeasible;
   (*fork)->lpwasprimchecked = lp->primalchecked;
   (*fork)->lpwasdualfeas = lp->dualfeasible;
   (*fork)->lpwasdualchecked = lp->dualchecked;
   (*fork)->lpobjval = SCIPlpGetObjval(lp, set, prob);
   (*fork)->nlpistateref = 0;
   (*fork)->addedcols = NULL;
   (*fork)->addedrows = NULL;
   (*fork)->naddedcols = SCIPlpGetNNewcols(lp);
   (*fork)->naddedrows = SCIPlpGetNNewrows(lp);
   (*fork)->nchildren = (unsigned int) tree->nchildren;

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "creating fork information with %u children (%d new cols, %d new rows)\n", (*fork)->nchildren, (*fork)->naddedcols, (*fork)->naddedrows);

   if( (*fork)->naddedcols > 0 )
   {
      /* copy the newly created columns to the fork's col array */
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSduplicateBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*fork)->addedcols, SCIPlpGetNewcols(lp), (*fork)->naddedcols) ); /*lint !e666*/
   }
   if( (*fork)->naddedrows > 0 )
   {
      int i;

      /* copy the newly created rows to the fork's row array */
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSduplicateBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*fork)->addedrows, SCIPlpGetNewrows(lp), (*fork)->naddedrows) ); /*lint !e666*/

      /* capture the added rows */
      for( i = 0; i < (*fork)->naddedrows; ++i )
         SCIProwCapture((*fork)->addedrows[i]);
   }

   /* capture the LPI state for the children */
   forkCaptureLPIState(*fork, tree->nchildren);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** frees fork data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE forkFree(
   SCIP_FORK**           fork,               /**< fork data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   int i;

   assert(fork != NULL);
   assert(*fork != NULL);
   assert((*fork)->nchildren == 0);
   assert((*fork)->nlpistateref == 0);
   assert((*fork)->lpistate == NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   /* release the added rows */
   for( i = (*fork)->naddedrows - 1; i >= 0; --i )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIProwRelease(&(*fork)->addedrows[i], blkmem, set, lp) );
   }

   BMSfreeBlockMemoryArrayNull(blkmem, &(*fork)->addedcols, (*fork)->naddedcols);
   BMSfreeBlockMemoryArrayNull(blkmem, &(*fork)->addedrows, (*fork)->naddedrows);
   BMSfreeBlockMemory(blkmem, fork);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

#ifdef WITHSUBROOTS /** @todo test whether subroots should be created */
/** creates subroot data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE subrootCreate(
   SCIP_SUBROOT**        subroot,            /**< pointer to subroot data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_PROB*            prob,               /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   int i;

   assert(subroot != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->nchildren > 0);
   assert(SCIPtreeIsPathComplete(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);
   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved);
   assert(SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp) == SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_OPTIMAL);

   SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocBlockMemory(blkmem, subroot) );
   (*subroot)->lpobjval = SCIPlpGetObjval(lp, set, prob);
   (*subroot)->nlpistateref = 0;
   (*subroot)->ncols = SCIPlpGetNCols(lp);
   (*subroot)->nrows = SCIPlpGetNRows(lp);
   (*subroot)->nchildren = (unsigned int) tree->nchildren;
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpGetState(lp, blkmem, &((*subroot)->lpistate)) );
   (*subroot)->lpwasprimfeas = lp->primalfeasible;
   (*subroot)->lpwasprimchecked = lp->primalchecked;
   (*subroot)->lpwasdualfeas = lp->dualfeasible;
   (*subroot)->lpwasdualchecked = lp->dualchecked;

   if( (*subroot)->ncols != 0 )
   {
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSduplicateBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*subroot)->cols, SCIPlpGetCols(lp), (*subroot)->ncols) );
   }
   else
      (*subroot)->cols = NULL;
   if( (*subroot)->nrows != 0 )
   {
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSduplicateBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*subroot)->rows, SCIPlpGetRows(lp), (*subroot)->nrows) );
   }
   else
      (*subroot)->rows = NULL;

   /* capture the rows of the subroot */
   for( i = 0; i < (*subroot)->nrows; ++i )
      SCIProwCapture((*subroot)->rows[i]);

   /* capture the LPI state for the children */
   subrootCaptureLPIState(*subroot, tree->nchildren);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
#endif

/** frees subroot */
static
SCIP_RETCODE subrootFree(
   SCIP_SUBROOT**        subroot,            /**< subroot data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   int i;

   assert(subroot != NULL);
   assert(*subroot != NULL);
   assert((*subroot)->nchildren == 0);
   assert((*subroot)->nlpistateref == 0);
   assert((*subroot)->lpistate == NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   /* release the rows of the subroot */
   for( i = 0; i < (*subroot)->nrows; ++i )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIProwRelease(&(*subroot)->rows[i], blkmem, set, lp) );
   }

   BMSfreeBlockMemoryArrayNull(blkmem, &(*subroot)->cols, (*subroot)->ncols);
   BMSfreeBlockMemoryArrayNull(blkmem, &(*subroot)->rows, (*subroot)->nrows);
   BMSfreeBlockMemory(blkmem, subroot);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** removes given sibling node from the siblings array */
static
void treeRemoveSibling(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_NODE*            sibling             /**< sibling node to remove */
   )
{
   int delpos;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(sibling != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(sibling) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING);
   assert(sibling->data.sibling.arraypos >= 0 && sibling->data.sibling.arraypos < tree->nsiblings);
   assert(tree->siblings[sibling->data.sibling.arraypos] == sibling);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->siblings[tree->nsiblings-1]) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING);

   delpos = sibling->data.sibling.arraypos;

   /* move last sibling in array to position of removed sibling */
   tree->siblings[delpos] = tree->siblings[tree->nsiblings-1];
   tree->siblingsprio[delpos] = tree->siblingsprio[tree->nsiblings-1];
   tree->siblings[delpos]->data.sibling.arraypos = delpos;
   sibling->data.sibling.arraypos = -1;
   tree->nsiblings--;
}

/** adds given child node to children array of focus node */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeAddChild(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_NODE*            child,              /**< child node to add */
   SCIP_Real             nodeselprio         /**< node selection priority of child node */
   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(child != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(child) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD);
   assert(child->data.child.arraypos == -1);

   SCIP_CALL( treeEnsureChildrenMem(tree, set, tree->nchildren+1) );
   tree->children[tree->nchildren] = child;
   tree->childrenprio[tree->nchildren] = nodeselprio;
   child->data.child.arraypos = tree->nchildren;
   tree->nchildren++;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** removes given child node from the children array */
static
void treeRemoveChild(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_NODE*            child               /**< child node to remove */
   )
{
   int delpos;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(child != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(child) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD);
   assert(child->data.child.arraypos >= 0 && child->data.child.arraypos < tree->nchildren);
   assert(tree->children[child->data.child.arraypos] == child);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->children[tree->nchildren-1]) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD);

   delpos = child->data.child.arraypos;

   /* move last child in array to position of removed child */
   tree->children[delpos] = tree->children[tree->nchildren-1];
   tree->childrenprio[delpos] = tree->childrenprio[tree->nchildren-1];
   tree->children[delpos]->data.child.arraypos = delpos;
   child->data.child.arraypos = -1;
   tree->nchildren--;
}

/** makes node a child of the given parent node, which must be the focus node; if the child is a probing node,
 *  the parent node can also be a refocused node or a probing node
 */
static
SCIP_RETCODE nodeAssignParent(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< child node */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_NODE*            parent,             /**< parent (= focus) node (or NULL, if node is root) */
   SCIP_Real             nodeselprio         /**< node selection priority of child node */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(node->parent == NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD || SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE);
   assert(node->conssetchg == NULL);
   assert(node->domchg == NULL);
   assert(SCIPsetIsInfinity(set, -node->lowerbound)); /* node was just created */
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(SCIPtreeIsPathComplete(tree));
   assert(tree->pathlen == 0 || tree->path[tree->pathlen-1] == parent);
   assert(parent == tree->focusnode || SCIPnodeGetType(parent) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE);
   assert(parent == NULL || SCIPnodeGetType(parent) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
      || (SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE
         && (SCIPnodeGetType(parent) == SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE
            || SCIPnodeGetType(parent) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE)));

   /* link node to parent */
   node->parent = parent;
   if( parent != NULL )
   {
      assert(parent->lowerbound <= parent->estimate);
      node->lowerbound = parent->lowerbound;
      node->estimate = parent->estimate;
      node->depth = parent->depth+1; /*lint !e732*/
      if( parent->depth >= SCIP_MAXTREEDEPTH )
      {
         SCIPerrorMessage("maximal depth level exceeded\n");
         return SCIP_MAXDEPTHLEVEL;
      }
   }
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "assigning parent #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " to node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d\n",
      parent != NULL ? SCIPnodeGetNumber(parent) : -1, SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node));

   /* register node in the childlist of the focus (the parent) node */
   if( SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD )
   {
      assert(parent == NULL || SCIPnodeGetType(parent) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
      SCIP_CALL( treeAddChild(tree, set, node, nodeselprio) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** decreases number of children of the parent, frees it if no children are left */
static
SCIP_RETCODE nodeReleaseParent(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< child node */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffer */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   SCIP_NODE* parent;

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "releasing parent-child relationship of node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d of type %d with parent #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " of type %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node), SCIPnodeGetType(node),
      node->parent != NULL ? SCIPnodeGetNumber(node->parent) : -1,
      node->parent != NULL ? (int)SCIPnodeGetType(node->parent) : -1);
   parent = node->parent;
   if( parent != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_Bool freeParent;
      SCIP_Bool singleChild;

      freeParent = FALSE;
      singleChild = FALSE;
      switch( SCIPnodeGetType(parent) )
      {
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE:
         assert(parent->active);
         assert(SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD || SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE
            || SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF);
         if( SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD )
            treeRemoveChild(tree, node);
         /* don't kill the focus node at this point => freeParent = FALSE */
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE:
         assert(SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
         /* probing nodes have to be freed individually => freeParent = FALSE */
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING:
         SCIPerrorMessage("sibling cannot be a parent node\n");
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD:
         SCIPerrorMessage("child cannot be a parent node\n");
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF:
         SCIPerrorMessage("leaf cannot be a parent node\n");
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_DEADEND:
         SCIPerrorMessage("dead-end cannot be a parent node\n");
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION:
         assert(parent->data.junction.nchildren > 0);
         parent->data.junction.nchildren--;
         freeParent = (parent->data.junction.nchildren == 0); /* free parent if it has no more children */
         singleChild = (parent->data.junction.nchildren == 1);
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK:
         assert(parent->data.pseudofork != NULL);
         assert(parent->data.pseudofork->nchildren > 0);
         parent->data.pseudofork->nchildren--;
         freeParent = (parent->data.pseudofork->nchildren == 0); /* free parent if it has no more children */
         singleChild = (parent->data.pseudofork->nchildren == 1);
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK:
         assert(parent->data.fork != NULL);
         assert(parent->data.fork->nchildren > 0);
         parent->data.fork->nchildren--;
         freeParent = (parent->data.fork->nchildren == 0); /* free parent if it has no more children */
         singleChild = (parent->data.fork->nchildren == 1);
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT:
         assert(parent->data.subroot != NULL);
         assert(parent->data.subroot->nchildren > 0);
         parent->data.subroot->nchildren--;
         freeParent = (parent->data.subroot->nchildren == 0); /* free parent if it has no more children */
         singleChild = (parent->data.subroot->nchildren == 1);
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE:
         /* the only possible child a refocused node can have in its refocus state is the probing root node;
          * we don't want to free the refocused node, because we first have to convert it back to its original
          * type (where it possibly has children) => freeParent = FALSE
          */
         assert(SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE);
         assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
         break;
      default:
         SCIPerrorMessage("unknown node type %d\n", SCIPnodeGetType(parent));
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
      }

      /* free parent, if it is not on the current active path */
      if( freeParent && !parent->active )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeFree(&node->parent, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, lp) );
      }

      /* update the effective root depth
       * in reoptimization we must not increase the effective root depth
       */
      assert(tree->effectiverootdepth >= 0);
      if( singleChild && SCIPnodeGetDepth(parent) == tree->effectiverootdepth && !set->reopt_enable )
      {
         tree->effectiverootdepth++;
         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "unlinked node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " in depth %d -> new effective root depth: %d\n",
            SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node), tree->effectiverootdepth);
      }
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** creates a node data structure */
static
SCIP_RETCODE nodeCreate(
   SCIP_NODE**           node,               /**< pointer to node data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set                 /**< global SCIP settings */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);

   SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocBlockMemory(blkmem, node) );
   (*node)->parent = NULL;
   (*node)->conssetchg = NULL;
   (*node)->domchg = NULL;
   (*node)->number = 0;
   (*node)->lowerbound = -SCIPsetInfinity(set);
   (*node)->estimate = -SCIPsetInfinity(set);
   (*node)->reoptid = 0;
   (*node)->reopttype = (unsigned int) SCIP_REOPTTYPE_NONE;
   (*node)->depth = 0;
   (*node)->active = FALSE;
   (*node)->cutoff = FALSE;
   (*node)->reprop = FALSE;
   (*node)->repropsubtreemark = 0;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** creates a child node of the focus node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeCreateChild(
   SCIP_NODE**           node,               /**< pointer to node data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_Real             nodeselprio,        /**< node selection priority of new node */
   SCIP_Real             estimate            /**< estimate for (transformed) objective value of best feasible solution in subtree */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(stat != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(SCIPtreeIsPathComplete(tree));
   assert(tree->pathlen == 0 || tree->path != NULL);
   assert((tree->pathlen == 0) == (tree->focusnode == NULL));
   assert(tree->focusnode == NULL || tree->focusnode == tree->path[tree->pathlen-1]);
   assert(tree->focusnode == NULL || SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);

   stat->ncreatednodes++;
   stat->ncreatednodesrun++;

   /* create the node data structure */
   SCIP_CALL( nodeCreate(node, blkmem, set) );
   (*node)->number = stat->ncreatednodesrun;

   /* mark node to be a child node */
   (*node)->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD; /*lint !e641*/
   (*node)->data.child.arraypos = -1;

   /* make focus node the parent of the new child */
   SCIP_CALL( nodeAssignParent(*node, blkmem, set, tree, tree->focusnode, nodeselprio) );

   /* update the estimate of the child */
   SCIPnodeSetEstimate(*node, set, estimate);

   /* output node creation to visualization file */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPvisualNewChild(stat->visual, set, stat, *node) );

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "created child node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %u (prio: %g)\n", SCIPnodeGetNumber(*node), (*node)->depth, nodeselprio);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** frees node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeFree(
   SCIP_NODE**           node,               /**< node data */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffer */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   SCIP_Bool isroot;

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(*node != NULL);
   assert(!(*node)->active);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "free node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d of type %d\n", SCIPnodeGetNumber(*node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(*node), SCIPnodeGetType(*node));

   /* inform solution debugger, that the node has been freed */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPdebugRemoveNode(blkmem, set, *node) );

   /* check, if the node to be freed is the root node */
   isroot = (SCIPnodeGetDepth(*node) == 0);

   /* free nodetype specific data, and release no longer needed LPI states */
   switch( SCIPnodeGetType(*node) )
   {
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE:
      assert(tree->focusnode == *node);
      assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
      SCIPerrorMessage("cannot free focus node - has to be converted into a dead end first\n");
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE:
      assert(SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
      assert(SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->probingroot) <= SCIPnodeGetDepth(*node));
      assert(SCIPnodeGetDepth(*node) > 0);
      SCIP_CALL( probingnodeFree(&((*node)->data.probingnode), blkmem, lp) );
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING:
      assert((*node)->data.sibling.arraypos >= 0);
      assert((*node)->data.sibling.arraypos < tree->nsiblings);
      assert(tree->siblings[(*node)->data.sibling.arraypos] == *node);
      if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL )
      {
         assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focuslpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
            || SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focuslpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState(tree->focuslpstatefork, blkmem, lp) );
      }
      treeRemoveSibling(tree, *node);
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD:
      assert((*node)->data.child.arraypos >= 0);
      assert((*node)->data.child.arraypos < tree->nchildren);
      assert(tree->children[(*node)->data.child.arraypos] == *node);
      /* The children capture the LPI state at the moment, where the focus node is
       * converted into a junction, pseudofork, fork, or subroot, and a new node is focused.
       * At the same time, they become siblings or leaves, such that freeing a child
       * of the focus node doesn't require to release the LPI state;
       * we don't need to call treeRemoveChild(), because this is done in nodeReleaseParent()
       */
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF:
      if( (*node)->data.leaf.lpstatefork != NULL )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState((*node)->data.leaf.lpstatefork, blkmem, lp) );
      }
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_DEADEND:
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION:
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK:
      SCIP_CALL( pseudoforkFree(&((*node)->data.pseudofork), blkmem, set, lp) );
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK:

      /* release special root LPI state capture which is used to keep the root LPI state over the whole solving
       * process
       */
      if( isroot )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState(*node, blkmem, lp) );
      }
      SCIP_CALL( forkFree(&((*node)->data.fork), blkmem, set, lp) );
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT:
      SCIP_CALL( subrootFree(&((*node)->data.subroot), blkmem, set, lp) );
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE:
      SCIPerrorMessage("cannot free node as long it is refocused\n");
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
   default:
      SCIPerrorMessage("unknown node type %d\n", SCIPnodeGetType(*node));
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
   }

   /* free common data */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPconssetchgFree(&(*node)->conssetchg, blkmem, set) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgFree(&(*node)->domchg, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );
   SCIP_CALL( nodeReleaseParent(*node, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, lp) );

   /* check, if the node is the current probing root */
   if( *node == tree->probingroot )
   {
      assert(SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE);
      tree->probingroot = NULL;
   }

   BMSfreeBlockMemory(blkmem, node);

   /* delete the tree's root node pointer, if the freed node was the root */
   if( isroot )
      tree->root = NULL;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** cuts off node and whole sub tree from branch and bound tree */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeCutoff(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node that should be cut off */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   SCIP_Real oldbound;

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(stat != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);

   if( set->reopt_enable )
   {
      assert(reopt != NULL);
      /* check if the node should be stored for reoptimization */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPreoptCheckCutoff(reopt, set, blkmem, node, SCIP_EVENTTYPE_NODEINFEASIBLE, lp, SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp),
            tree->root == node, tree->focusnode == node, node->lowerbound, tree->effectiverootdepth) );
   }

   oldbound = node->lowerbound;
   node->cutoff = TRUE;
   node->lowerbound = SCIPsetInfinity(set);
   node->estimate = SCIPsetInfinity(set);
   if( node->active )
      tree->cutoffdepth = MIN(tree->cutoffdepth, (int)node->depth);

   /* update primal integral */
   if( node->depth == 0 )
   {
      stat->rootlowerbound = SCIPsetInfinity(set);
      if( set->misc_calcintegral )
         SCIPstatUpdatePrimalDualIntegral(stat, set, transprob, origprob, SCIPsetInfinity(set), SCIPsetInfinity(set));
   }
   else if( set->misc_calcintegral && SCIPsetIsEQ(set, oldbound, stat->lastlowerbound) )
   {
      SCIP_Real lowerbound;
      lowerbound = SCIPtreeGetLowerbound(tree, set);

      /* updating the primal integral is only necessary if dual bound has increased since last evaluation */
      if( lowerbound > stat->lastlowerbound )
         SCIPstatUpdatePrimalDualIntegral(stat, set, transprob, origprob, SCIPsetInfinity(set), SCIPsetInfinity(set));
   }

   SCIPvisualCutoffNode(stat->visual, set, stat, node, TRUE);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "cutting off %s node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d (cutoffdepth: %d)\n",
      node->active ? "active" : "inactive", SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node), tree->cutoffdepth);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** marks node, that propagation should be applied again the next time, a node of its subtree is focused */
void SCIPnodePropagateAgain(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node that should be propagated again */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree                /**< branch and bound tree */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(stat != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);

   if( !node->reprop )
   {
      node->reprop = TRUE;
      if( node->active )
         tree->repropdepth = MIN(tree->repropdepth, (int)node->depth);

      SCIPvisualMarkedRepropagateNode(stat->visual, stat, node);

      SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "marked %s node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d to be propagated again (repropdepth: %d)\n",
         node->active ? "active" : "inactive", SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node), tree->repropdepth);
   }
}

/** marks node, that it is completely propagated in the current repropagation subtree level */
void SCIPnodeMarkPropagated(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node that should be marked to be propagated */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree                /**< branch and bound tree */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);

   if( node->parent != NULL )
      node->repropsubtreemark = node->parent->repropsubtreemark; /*lint !e732*/
   node->reprop = FALSE;

   /* if the node was the highest repropagation node in the path, update the repropdepth in the tree data */
   if( node->active && node->depth == tree->repropdepth )
   {
      do
      {
         assert(tree->repropdepth < tree->pathlen);
         assert(tree->path[tree->repropdepth]->active);
         assert(!tree->path[tree->repropdepth]->reprop);
         tree->repropdepth++;
      }
      while( tree->repropdepth < tree->pathlen && !tree->path[tree->repropdepth]->reprop );
      if( tree->repropdepth == tree->pathlen )
         tree->repropdepth = INT_MAX;
   }
}

/** moves the subtree repropagation counter to the next value */
static
void treeNextRepropsubtreecount(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree                /**< branch and bound tree */
   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);

   tree->repropsubtreecount++;
   tree->repropsubtreecount %= (MAXREPROPMARK+1);
}

/** applies propagation on the node, that was marked to be propagated again */
static
SCIP_RETCODE nodeRepropagate(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to apply propagation on */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_PRIMAL*          primal,             /**< primal data */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CONFLICT*        conflict,           /**< conflict analysis data */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< event filter for global (not variable dependent) events */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable,        /**< clique table data structure */
   SCIP_Bool*            cutoff              /**< pointer to store whether the node can be cut off */
   )
{
   SCIP_NODETYPE oldtype;
   SCIP_NODE* oldfocusnode;
   SCIP_NODE* oldfocuslpfork;
   SCIP_NODE* oldfocuslpstatefork;
   SCIP_NODE* oldfocussubroot;
   SCIP_Longint oldfocuslpstateforklpcount;
   int oldnchildren;
   int oldnsiblings;
   SCIP_Bool oldfocusnodehaslp;
   SCIP_Longint oldnboundchgs;
   SCIP_Bool initialreprop;
   SCIP_Bool clockisrunning;

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert((SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
   assert(node->active);
   assert(node->reprop || node->repropsubtreemark != node->parent->repropsubtreemark);
   assert(stat != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(SCIPeventqueueIsDelayed(eventqueue));
   assert(cutoff != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "propagating again node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d\n", SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node));
   initialreprop = node->reprop;

   SCIPvisualRepropagatedNode(stat->visual, stat, node);

   /* process the delayed events in order to flush the problem changes */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPeventqueueProcess(eventqueue, blkmem, set, primal, lp, branchcand, eventfilter) );

   /* stop node activation timer */
   clockisrunning = SCIPclockIsRunning(stat->nodeactivationtime);
   if( clockisrunning )
      SCIPclockStop(stat->nodeactivationtime, set);

   /* mark the node refocused and temporarily install it as focus node */
   oldtype = (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype;
   oldfocusnode = tree->focusnode;
   oldfocuslpfork = tree->focuslpfork;
   oldfocuslpstatefork = tree->focuslpstatefork;
   oldfocussubroot = tree->focussubroot;
   oldfocuslpstateforklpcount = tree->focuslpstateforklpcount;
   oldnchildren = tree->nchildren;
   oldnsiblings = tree->nsiblings;
   oldfocusnodehaslp = tree->focusnodehaslp;
   node->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE; /*lint !e641*/
   tree->focusnode = node;
   tree->focuslpfork = NULL;
   tree->focuslpstatefork = NULL;
   tree->focussubroot = NULL;
   tree->focuslpstateforklpcount = -1;
   tree->nchildren = 0;
   tree->nsiblings = 0;
   tree->focusnodehaslp = FALSE;

   /* propagate the domains again */
   oldnboundchgs = stat->nboundchgs;
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPpropagateDomains(blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, primal, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand,
         eventqueue, conflict, cliquetable, SCIPnodeGetDepth(node), 0, SCIP_PROPTIMING_ALWAYS, cutoff) );
   assert(!node->reprop || *cutoff);
   assert(node->parent == NULL || node->repropsubtreemark == node->parent->repropsubtreemark);
   assert((SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE);
   assert(tree->focusnode == node);
   assert(tree->focuslpfork == NULL);
   assert(tree->focuslpstatefork == NULL);
   assert(tree->focussubroot == NULL);
   assert(tree->focuslpstateforklpcount == -1);
   assert(tree->nchildren == 0);
   assert(tree->nsiblings == 0);
   assert(tree->focusnodehaslp == FALSE);
   assert(stat->nboundchgs >= oldnboundchgs);
   stat->nreprops++;
   stat->nrepropboundchgs += stat->nboundchgs - oldnboundchgs;
   if( *cutoff )
      stat->nrepropcutoffs++;

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "repropagation %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %u changed %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " bounds (total reprop bound changes: %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT "), cutoff: %u\n",
      stat->nreprops, node->depth, stat->nboundchgs - oldnboundchgs, stat->nrepropboundchgs, *cutoff);

   /* if a propagation marked with the reprop flag was successful, we want to repropagate the whole subtree */
   /**@todo because repropsubtree is only a bit flag, we cannot mark a whole subtree a second time for
    *       repropagation; use a (small) part of the node's bits to be able to store larger numbers,
    *       and update tree->repropsubtreelevel with this number
    */
   if( initialreprop && !(*cutoff) && stat->nboundchgs > oldnboundchgs )
   {
      treeNextRepropsubtreecount(tree);
      node->repropsubtreemark = tree->repropsubtreecount; /*lint !e732*/
      SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "initial repropagation at depth %u changed %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " bounds -> repropagating subtree (new mark: %d)\n",
         node->depth, stat->nboundchgs - oldnboundchgs, tree->repropsubtreecount);
      assert((int)(node->repropsubtreemark) == tree->repropsubtreecount); /* bitfield must be large enough */
   }

   /* reset the node's type and reinstall the old focus node */
   node->nodetype = oldtype; /*lint !e641*/
   tree->focusnode = oldfocusnode;
   tree->focuslpfork = oldfocuslpfork;
   tree->focuslpstatefork = oldfocuslpstatefork;
   tree->focussubroot = oldfocussubroot;
   tree->focuslpstateforklpcount = oldfocuslpstateforklpcount;
   tree->nchildren = oldnchildren;
   tree->nsiblings = oldnsiblings;
   tree->focusnodehaslp = oldfocusnodehaslp;

   /* make the domain change data static again to save memory */
   if( (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype != SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgMakeStatic(&node->domchg, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );
   }

   /* start node activation timer again */
   if( clockisrunning )
      SCIPclockStart(stat->nodeactivationtime, set);

   /* delay events in path switching */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPeventqueueDelay(eventqueue) );

   /* mark the node to be cut off if a cutoff was detected */
   if( *cutoff )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCutoff(node, set, stat, tree, transprob, origprob, reopt, lp, blkmem) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** informs node, that it is now on the active path and applies any domain and constraint set changes */
static
SCIP_RETCODE nodeActivate(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to activate */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_PRIMAL*          primal,             /**< primal data */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reotimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CONFLICT*        conflict,           /**< conflict analysis data */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< event filter for global (not variable dependent) events */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable,        /**< clique table data structure */
   SCIP_Bool*            cutoff              /**< pointer to store whether the node can be cut off */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(!node->active);
   assert(stat != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(cutoff != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "activate node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d of type %d (reprop subtree mark: %u)\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node), SCIPnodeGetType(node), node->repropsubtreemark);

   /* apply domain and constraint set changes */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPconssetchgApply(node->conssetchg, blkmem, set, stat, node->depth,
         (SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE)) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgApply(node->domchg, blkmem, set, stat, lp, branchcand, eventqueue, node->depth, cutoff) );

   /* mark node active */
   node->active = TRUE;
   stat->nactivatednodes++;

   /* check if the domain change produced a cutoff */
   if( *cutoff )
   {
      /* try to repropagate the node to see, if the propagation also leads to a conflict and a conflict constraint
       * could be generated; if propagation conflict analysis is turned off, repropagating the node makes no
       * sense, since it is already cut off
       */
      node->reprop = set->conf_enable && set->conf_useprop;

      /* mark the node to be cut off */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCutoff(node, set, stat, tree, transprob, origprob, reopt, lp, blkmem) );
   }

   /* propagate node again, if the reprop flag is set; in the new focus node, no repropagation is necessary, because
    * the focus node is propagated anyways
    */
   if( SCIPnodeGetType(node) != SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
      && (node->reprop || (node->parent != NULL && node->repropsubtreemark != node->parent->repropsubtreemark)) )
   {
      SCIP_Bool propcutoff;

      SCIP_CALL( nodeRepropagate(node, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, primal, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, conflict,
            eventfilter, eventqueue, cliquetable, &propcutoff) );
      *cutoff = *cutoff || propcutoff;
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** informs node, that it is no longer on the active path and undoes any domain and constraint set changes */
static
SCIP_RETCODE nodeDeactivate(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to deactivate */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue          /**< event queue */
   )
{
   SCIP_Bool freeNode;

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(node->active);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(node) != SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "deactivate node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d of type %d (reprop subtree mark: %u)\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node), SCIPnodeGetType(node), node->repropsubtreemark);

   /* undo domain and constraint set changes */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgUndo(node->domchg, blkmem, set, stat, lp, branchcand, eventqueue) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPconssetchgUndo(node->conssetchg, blkmem, set, stat) );

   /* mark node inactive */
   node->active = FALSE;

   /* count number of deactivated nodes (ignoring probing switches) */
   if( !SCIPtreeProbing(tree) )
      stat->ndeactivatednodes++;

   /* free node if it is a dead-end node, i.e., has no children */
   switch( SCIPnodeGetType(node) )   
   {
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE:
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE:
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING:
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD:
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF:
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_DEADEND:
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE:
      freeNode = FALSE;
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION:
      freeNode = (node->data.junction.nchildren == 0); 
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK:
      freeNode = (node->data.pseudofork->nchildren == 0); 
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK:
      freeNode = (node->data.fork->nchildren == 0); 
      break;
   case SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT:
      freeNode = (node->data.subroot->nchildren == 0); 
      break;
   default:
      SCIPerrorMessage("unknown node type %d\n", SCIPnodeGetType(node));
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
   }
   if( freeNode ) 
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeFree(&node, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, lp) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** adds constraint locally to the node and captures it; activates constraint, if node is active;
 *  if a local constraint is added to the root node, it is automatically upgraded into a global constraint
 */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeAddCons(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to add constraint to */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_CONS*            cons                /**< constraint to add */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(cons != NULL);
   assert(cons->validdepth <= SCIPnodeGetDepth(node));
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->effectiverootdepth >= 0);
   assert(tree->root != NULL);
   assert(SCIPconsIsGlobal(cons) || SCIPnodeGetDepth(node) > tree->effectiverootdepth);

#ifndef NDEBUG
   /* check if we add this constraint to the same scip, where we create the constraint */
   if( cons->scip != set->scip )
   {
      SCIPerrorMessage("try to add a constraint of another scip instance\n");
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
   }
#endif

   /* add constraint addition to the node's constraint set change data, and activate constraint if node is active */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPconssetchgAddAddedCons(&node->conssetchg, blkmem, set, stat, cons, node->depth,
         (SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE), node->active) );
   assert(node->conssetchg != NULL);
   assert(node->conssetchg->addedconss != NULL);
   assert(!node->active || SCIPconsIsActive(cons));

   /* if the constraint is added to an active node which is not a probing node, increment the corresponding counter */
   if( node->active && SCIPnodeGetType(node) != SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE )
      stat->nactiveconssadded++;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** locally deletes constraint at the given node by disabling its separation, enforcing, and propagation capabilities
 *  at the node; captures constraint; disables constraint, if node is active
 */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeDelCons(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to add constraint to */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_CONS*            cons                /**< constraint to locally delete */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(cons != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "disabling constraint <%s> at node at depth %u\n", cons->name, node->depth);

   /* add constraint disabling to the node's constraint set change data */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPconssetchgAddDisabledCons(&node->conssetchg, blkmem, set, cons) );
   assert(node->conssetchg != NULL);
   assert(node->conssetchg->disabledconss != NULL);

   /* disable constraint, if node is active */
   if( node->active && cons->enabled && !cons->updatedisable )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPconsDisable(cons, set, stat) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** returns all constraints added to a given node */
void SCIPnodeGetAddedConss(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node */
   SCIP_CONS**           addedconss,         /**< array to store the constraints */
   int*                  naddedconss,        /**< number of added constraints */
   int                   addedconsssize      /**< size of the constraint array */
   )
{
   int cons;

   assert(node != NULL );
   assert(node->conssetchg != NULL);
   assert(node->conssetchg->addedconss != NULL);
   assert(node->conssetchg->naddedconss >= 1);

   *naddedconss = node->conssetchg->naddedconss;

   /* check the size and return if the array is not large enough */
   if( addedconsssize < *naddedconss )
      return;

   /* fill the array */
   for( cons = 0; cons < *naddedconss; cons++ )
   {
      addedconss[cons] = node->conssetchg->addedconss[cons];
   }

   return;
}

/** returns the number of added constraints to the given node */
int SCIPnodeGetNAddedConss(
   SCIP_NODE*            node                /**< node */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);

   if( node->conssetchg == NULL )
      return 0;
   else
      return node->conssetchg->naddedconss;
}

/** adds the given bound change to the list of pending bound changes */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeAddPendingBdchg(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to add bound change to */
   SCIP_VAR*             var,                /**< variable to change the bounds for */
   SCIP_Real             newbound,           /**< new value for bound */
   SCIP_BOUNDTYPE        boundtype,          /**< type of bound: lower or upper bound */
   SCIP_CONS*            infercons,          /**< constraint that deduced the bound change, or NULL */
   SCIP_PROP*            inferprop,          /**< propagator that deduced the bound change, or NULL */
   int                   inferinfo,          /**< user information for inference to help resolving the conflict */
   SCIP_Bool             probingchange       /**< is the bound change a temporary setting due to probing? */
   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);

   /* make sure that enough memory is allocated for the pendingbdchgs array */
   SCIP_CALL( treeEnsurePendingbdchgsMem(tree, set, tree->npendingbdchgs+1) );

   /* capture the variable */
   SCIPvarCapture(var);

   /* add the bound change to the pending list */
   tree->pendingbdchgs[tree->npendingbdchgs].node = node;
   tree->pendingbdchgs[tree->npendingbdchgs].var = var;
   tree->pendingbdchgs[tree->npendingbdchgs].newbound = newbound;
   tree->pendingbdchgs[tree->npendingbdchgs].boundtype = boundtype;
   tree->pendingbdchgs[tree->npendingbdchgs].infercons = infercons;
   tree->pendingbdchgs[tree->npendingbdchgs].inferprop = inferprop;
   tree->pendingbdchgs[tree->npendingbdchgs].inferinfo = inferinfo;
   tree->pendingbdchgs[tree->npendingbdchgs].probingchange = probingchange;
   tree->npendingbdchgs++;

   /* check global pending boundchanges against debug solution */
   if( node->depth == 0 )
   {
#ifndef NDEBUG
      SCIP_Real bound = newbound;

      /* get bound adjusted for integrality(, this should already be done) */
      SCIPvarAdjustBd(var, set, boundtype, &bound);

      if( boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER )
      {
         /* check that the bound is feasible */
         if( bound > SCIPvarGetUbGlobal(var) )
         {
            /* due to numerics we only want to be feasible in feasibility tolerance */
            assert(SCIPsetIsFeasLE(set, bound, SCIPvarGetUbGlobal(var)));
            bound = SCIPvarGetUbGlobal(var);
         }
      }
      else
      {
         assert(boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_UPPER);

         /* check that the bound is feasible */
         if( bound < SCIPvarGetLbGlobal(var) )
         {
            /* due to numerics we only want to be feasible in feasibility tolerance */
            assert(SCIPsetIsFeasGE(set, bound, SCIPvarGetLbGlobal(var)));
            bound = SCIPvarGetLbGlobal(var);
         }
      }
      /* check that the given bound was already adjusted for integrality */
      assert(SCIPsetIsEQ(set, newbound, bound));
#endif
      if( boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER )
      {
         /* check bound on debugging solution */
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPdebugCheckLbGlobal(set->scip, var, newbound) ); /*lint !e506 !e774*/
      }
      else
      {
         assert(boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_UPPER);

         /* check bound on debugging solution */
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPdebugCheckUbGlobal(set->scip, var, newbound) ); /*lint !e506 !e774*/
      }
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** adds bound change with inference information to focus node, child of focus node, or probing node;
 *  if possible, adjusts bound to integral value;
 *  at most one of infercons and inferprop may be non-NULL
 */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeAddBoundinfer(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to add bound change to */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable,        /**< clique table data structure */
   SCIP_VAR*             var,                /**< variable to change the bounds for */
   SCIP_Real             newbound,           /**< new value for bound */
   SCIP_BOUNDTYPE        boundtype,          /**< type of bound: lower or upper bound */
   SCIP_CONS*            infercons,          /**< constraint that deduced the bound change, or NULL */
   SCIP_PROP*            inferprop,          /**< propagator that deduced the bound change, or NULL */
   int                   inferinfo,          /**< user information for inference to help resolving the conflict */
   SCIP_Bool             probingchange       /**< is the bound change a temporary setting due to probing? */
   )
{
   SCIP_VAR* infervar;
   SCIP_BOUNDTYPE inferboundtype;
   SCIP_Real oldlb;
   SCIP_Real oldub;
   SCIP_Real oldbound;

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert((SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE
      || node->depth == 0);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->effectiverootdepth >= 0);
   assert(tree->root != NULL);
   assert(var != NULL);
   assert(node->active || (infercons == NULL && inferprop == NULL));
   assert((SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE || !probingchange);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "adding boundchange at node %llu at depth %u to variable <%s>: old bounds=[%g,%g], new %s bound: %g (infer%s=<%s>, inferinfo=%d)\n",
      node->number, node->depth, SCIPvarGetName(var), SCIPvarGetLbLocal(var), SCIPvarGetUbLocal(var),
      boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER ? "lower" : "upper", newbound, infercons != NULL ? "cons" : "prop",
      infercons != NULL ? SCIPconsGetName(infercons) : (inferprop != NULL ? SCIPpropGetName(inferprop) : "-"), inferinfo);

   /* remember variable as inference variable, and get corresponding active variable, bound and bound type */
   infervar = var;
   inferboundtype = boundtype;

   SCIP_CALL( SCIPvarGetProbvarBound(&var, &newbound, &boundtype) );

   if( SCIPvarGetStatus(var) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_MULTAGGR )
   {
      SCIPerrorMessage("cannot change bounds of multi-aggregated variable <%s>\n", SCIPvarGetName(var));
      SCIPABORT();
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA; /*lint !e527*/
   }
   assert(SCIPvarGetStatus(var) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_LOOSE || SCIPvarGetStatus(var) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_COLUMN);

   if( (int) node->depth <= tree->effectiverootdepth )
   {
      oldlb = SCIPvarGetLbGlobal(var);
      oldub = SCIPvarGetUbGlobal(var);
   }
   else
   {
      oldlb = SCIPvarGetLbLocal(var);
      oldub = SCIPvarGetUbLocal(var);
   }
   assert(SCIPsetIsLE(set, oldlb, oldub));

   if( boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER )
   {
      /* adjust lower bound w.r.t. to integrality */
      SCIPvarAdjustLb(var, set, &newbound);
      assert(SCIPsetIsGT(set, newbound, oldlb));
      assert(SCIPsetIsFeasLE(set, newbound, oldub));
      oldbound = oldlb;
      newbound = MIN(newbound, oldub);

      if ( set->stage == SCIP_STAGE_SOLVING && SCIPsetIsInfinity(set, newbound) )
      {
         SCIPerrorMessage("cannot change lower bound of variable <%s> to infinity.\n", SCIPvarGetName(var));
         SCIPABORT();
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA; /*lint !e527*/
      }
   }
   else
   {
      assert(boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_UPPER);

      /* adjust the new upper bound */
      SCIPvarAdjustUb(var, set, &newbound);
      assert(SCIPsetIsLT(set, newbound, oldub));
      assert(SCIPsetIsFeasGE(set, newbound, oldlb));
      oldbound = oldub;
      newbound = MAX(newbound, oldlb);

      if ( set->stage == SCIP_STAGE_SOLVING && SCIPsetIsInfinity(set, -newbound) )
      {
         SCIPerrorMessage("cannot change upper bound of variable <%s> to minus infinity.\n", SCIPvarGetName(var));
         SCIPABORT();
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA; /*lint !e527*/
      }
   }

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> transformed to active variable <%s>: old bounds=[%g,%g], new %s bound: %g, obj: %g\n",
      SCIPvarGetName(var), oldlb, oldub, boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER ? "lower" : "upper", newbound,
      SCIPvarGetObj(var));

   /* if the bound change takes place at an active node but is conflicting with the current local bounds,
    * we cannot apply it immediately because this would introduce inconsistencies to the bound change data structures
    * in the tree and to the bound change information data in the variable;
    * instead we have to remember the bound change as a pending bound change and mark the affected nodes on the active
    * path to be infeasible
    */
   if( node->active )
   {
      int conflictingdepth;

      conflictingdepth = SCIPvarGetConflictingBdchgDepth(var, set, boundtype, newbound);

      if( conflictingdepth >= 0 )
      {
         /* 0 would mean the bound change conflicts with a global bound */
         assert(conflictingdepth > 0);
         assert(conflictingdepth < tree->pathlen);

         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> bound change <%s> %s %g violates current local bounds [%g,%g] since depth %d: remember for later application\n",
            SCIPvarGetName(var), boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER ? ">=" : "<=", newbound,
            SCIPvarGetLbLocal(var), SCIPvarGetUbLocal(var), conflictingdepth);

         /* remember the pending bound change */
         SCIP_CALL( treeAddPendingBdchg(tree, set, node, var, newbound, boundtype, infercons, inferprop, inferinfo, 
               probingchange) );

         /* mark the node with the conflicting bound change to be cut off */
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCutoff(tree->path[conflictingdepth], set, stat, tree, transprob, origprob, reopt, lp, blkmem) );

         return SCIP_OKAY;
      }
   }

   SCIPstatIncrement(stat, set, nboundchgs);

   /* if we are in probing mode we have to additionally count the bound changes for the probing statistic */
   if( tree->probingroot != NULL )
      SCIPstatIncrement(stat, set, nprobboundchgs);

   /* if the node is the root node: change local and global bound immediately */
   if( SCIPnodeGetDepth(node) <= tree->effectiverootdepth )
   {
      assert(node->active || tree->focusnode == NULL );
      assert(SCIPnodeGetType(node) != SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE);
      assert(!probingchange);

      SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> bound change in root node: perform global bound change\n");
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPvarChgBdGlobal(var, blkmem, set, stat, lp, branchcand, eventqueue, cliquetable, newbound, boundtype) );

      if( set->stage == SCIP_STAGE_SOLVING )
      {
         /* the root should be repropagated due to the bound change */
         SCIPnodePropagateAgain(tree->root, set, stat, tree);
         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "marked root node to be repropagated due to global bound change <%s>:[%g,%g] -> [%g,%g] found in depth %u\n",
            SCIPvarGetName(var), oldlb, oldub, boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER ? newbound : oldlb,
            boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER ? oldub : newbound, node->depth);
      }

      return SCIP_OKAY;
   }

   /* if the node is a child, or the bound is a temporary probing bound
    *  - the bound change is a branching decision
    *  - the child's lower bound can be updated due to the changed pseudo solution
    * otherwise:
    *  - the bound change is an inference
    */
   if( SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD || probingchange )
   {
      SCIP_Real newpseudoobjval;
      SCIP_Real lpsolval;

      assert(!node->active || SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE);

      /* get the solution value of variable in last solved LP on the active path:
       *  - if the LP was solved at the current node, the LP values of the columns are valid
       *  - if the last solved LP was the one in the current lpstatefork, the LP value in the columns are still valid
       *  - otherwise, the LP values are invalid
       */
      if( SCIPtreeHasCurrentNodeLP(tree)
         || (tree->focuslpstateforklpcount == stat->lpcount && SCIPvarGetStatus(var) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_COLUMN) )
      {
         lpsolval = SCIPvarGetLPSol(var);
      }
      else
         lpsolval = SCIP_INVALID;

      /* remember the bound change as branching decision (infervar/infercons/inferprop are not important: use NULL) */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgAddBoundchg(&node->domchg, blkmem, set, var, newbound, boundtype, SCIP_BOUNDCHGTYPE_BRANCHING, 
            lpsolval, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, inferboundtype) );

      /* update the child's lower bound */
      if( set->misc_exactsolve )
         newpseudoobjval = SCIPlpGetModifiedProvedPseudoObjval(lp, set, var, oldbound, newbound, boundtype);
      else
         newpseudoobjval = SCIPlpGetModifiedPseudoObjval(lp, set, transprob, var, oldbound, newbound, boundtype);
      SCIPnodeUpdateLowerbound(node, stat, set, tree, transprob, origprob, newpseudoobjval);
   }
   else
   {
      /* check the infered bound change on the debugging solution */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPdebugCheckInference(blkmem, set, node, var, newbound, boundtype) ); /*lint !e506 !e774*/

      /* remember the bound change as inference (lpsolval is not important: use 0.0) */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgAddBoundchg(&node->domchg, blkmem, set, var, newbound, boundtype,
            infercons != NULL ? SCIP_BOUNDCHGTYPE_CONSINFER : SCIP_BOUNDCHGTYPE_PROPINFER, 
            0.0, infervar, infercons, inferprop, inferinfo, inferboundtype) );
   }

   assert(node->domchg != NULL);
   assert(node->domchg->domchgdyn.domchgtype == SCIP_DOMCHGTYPE_DYNAMIC); /*lint !e641*/
   assert(node->domchg->domchgdyn.boundchgs != NULL);
   assert(node->domchg->domchgdyn.nboundchgs > 0);
   assert(node->domchg->domchgdyn.boundchgs[node->domchg->domchgdyn.nboundchgs-1].var == var);
   assert(node->domchg->domchgdyn.boundchgs[node->domchg->domchgdyn.nboundchgs-1].newbound == newbound); /*lint !e777*/

   /* if node is active, apply the bound change immediately */
   if( node->active )
   {
      SCIP_Bool cutoff;

      /**@todo if the node is active, it currently must either be the effective root (see above) or the current node;
       *       if a bound change to an intermediate active node should be added, we must make sure, the bound change
       *       information array of the variable stays sorted (new info must be sorted in instead of putting it to
       *       the end of the array), and we should identify now redundant bound changes that are applied at a
       *       later node on the active path
       */
      assert(SCIPtreeGetCurrentNode(tree) == node); 
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPboundchgApply(&node->domchg->domchgdyn.boundchgs[node->domchg->domchgdyn.nboundchgs-1],
            blkmem, set, stat, lp, branchcand, eventqueue, node->depth, node->domchg->domchgdyn.nboundchgs-1, &cutoff) );
      assert(node->domchg->domchgdyn.boundchgs[node->domchg->domchgdyn.nboundchgs-1].var == var);
      assert(!cutoff);
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** adds bound change to focus node, or child of focus node, or probing node;
 *  if possible, adjusts bound to integral value
 */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeAddBoundchg(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to add bound change to */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable,        /**< clique table data structure */
   SCIP_VAR*             var,                /**< variable to change the bounds for */
   SCIP_Real             newbound,           /**< new value for bound */
   SCIP_BOUNDTYPE        boundtype,          /**< type of bound: lower or upper bound */
   SCIP_Bool             probingchange       /**< is the bound change a temporary setting due to probing? */
   )
{
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeAddBoundinfer(node, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, eventqueue,
         cliquetable, var, newbound, boundtype, NULL, NULL, 0, probingchange) );

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** adds hole with inference information to focus node, child of focus node, or probing node;
 *  if possible, adjusts bound to integral value;
 *  at most one of infercons and inferprop may be non-NULL
 */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeAddHoleinfer(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to add bound change to */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_VAR*             var,                /**< variable to change the bounds for */
   SCIP_Real             left,               /**< left bound of open interval defining the hole (left,right) */
   SCIP_Real             right,              /**< right bound of open interval defining the hole (left,right) */
   SCIP_CONS*            infercons,          /**< constraint that deduced the bound change, or NULL */
   SCIP_PROP*            inferprop,          /**< propagator that deduced the bound change, or NULL */
   int                   inferinfo,          /**< user information for inference to help resolving the conflict */
   SCIP_Bool             probingchange,      /**< is the bound change a temporary setting due to probing? */
   SCIP_Bool*            added               /**< pointer to store whether the hole was added, or NULL */
   )
{
#if 0
   SCIP_VAR* infervar;
#endif

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert((SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE
      || node->depth == 0);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->effectiverootdepth >= 0);
   assert(tree->root != NULL);
   assert(var != NULL);
   assert(node->active || (infercons == NULL && inferprop == NULL));
   assert((SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE || !probingchange);

   /* the interval should not be empty */
   assert(SCIPsetIsLT(set, left, right));

#ifndef NDEBUG
   {
      SCIP_Real adjustedleft;
      SCIP_Real adjustedright;

      adjustedleft = left;
      adjustedright = right;

      SCIPvarAdjustUb(var, set, &adjustedleft);
      SCIPvarAdjustLb(var, set, &adjustedright);

      assert(SCIPsetIsEQ(set, left, adjustedleft));
      assert(SCIPsetIsEQ(set, right, adjustedright));
   }
#endif

   /* the hole should lay within the lower and upper bounds */
   assert(SCIPsetIsGE(set, left, SCIPvarGetLbLocal(var)));
   assert(SCIPsetIsLE(set, right, SCIPvarGetUbLocal(var)));

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "adding hole (%g,%g) at node at depth %u to variable <%s>: bounds=[%g,%g], (infer%s=<%s>, inferinfo=%d)\n",
      left, right, node->depth, SCIPvarGetName(var), SCIPvarGetLbLocal(var), SCIPvarGetUbLocal(var), infercons != NULL ? "cons" : "prop",
      infercons != NULL ? SCIPconsGetName(infercons) : (inferprop != NULL ? SCIPpropGetName(inferprop) : "-"), inferinfo);

#if 0
   /* remember variable as inference variable, and get corresponding active variable, bound and bound type */
   infervar = var;
#endif
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPvarGetProbvarHole(&var, &left, &right) );

   if( SCIPvarGetStatus(var) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_MULTAGGR )
   {
      SCIPerrorMessage("cannot change bounds of multi-aggregated variable <%s>\n", SCIPvarGetName(var));
      SCIPABORT();
      return SCIP_INVALIDDATA; /*lint !e527*/
   }
   assert(SCIPvarGetStatus(var) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_LOOSE || SCIPvarGetStatus(var) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_COLUMN);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> transformed to active variable <%s>: hole (%g,%g), obj: %g\n", SCIPvarGetName(var), left, right, SCIPvarGetObj(var));

   stat->nholechgs++;

   /* if we are in probing mode we have to additionally count the bound changes for the probing statistic */
   if( tree->probingroot != NULL )
      stat->nprobholechgs++;

   /* if the node is the root node: change local and global bound immediately */
   if( SCIPnodeGetDepth(node) <= tree->effectiverootdepth )
   {
      assert(node->active || tree->focusnode == NULL );
      assert(SCIPnodeGetType(node) != SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE);
      assert(!probingchange);

      SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> hole added in root node: perform global domain change\n");
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPvarAddHoleGlobal(var, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, left, right, added) );

      if( set->stage == SCIP_STAGE_SOLVING && (*added) )
      {
         /* the root should be repropagated due to the bound change */
         SCIPnodePropagateAgain(tree->root, set, stat, tree);
         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "marked root node to be repropagated due to global added hole <%s>: (%g,%g) found in depth %u\n",
            SCIPvarGetName(var), left, right, node->depth);
      }

      return SCIP_OKAY;
   }

   /**@todo add adding of local domain holes */

   (*added) = FALSE;
   SCIPerrorMessage("WARNING: currently domain holes can only be handled globally!\n");

   stat->nholechgs--;

   /* if we are in probing mode we have to additionally count the bound changes for the probing statistic */
   if( tree->probingroot != NULL )
      stat->nprobholechgs--;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** adds hole change to focus node, or child of focus node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeAddHolechg(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to add bound change to */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_VAR*             var,                /**< variable to change the bounds for */
   SCIP_Real             left,               /**< left bound of open interval defining the hole (left,right) */
   SCIP_Real             right,              /**< right bound of open interval defining the hole (left,right) */
   SCIP_Bool             probingchange,      /**< is the bound change a temporary setting due to probing? */
   SCIP_Bool*            added               /**< pointer to store whether the hole was added, or NULL */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert((SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE
      || (SCIP_NODETYPE)node->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "adding hole (%g,%g) at node at depth %u of variable <%s>\n",
      left, right, node->depth, SCIPvarGetName(var));

   SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeAddHoleinfer(node, blkmem, set, stat, tree, eventqueue, var, left, right,
         NULL, NULL, 0, probingchange, added) );

   /**@todo apply hole change on active nodes and issue event */

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** applies the pending bound changes */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeApplyPendingBdchgs(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable         /**< clique table data structure */
   )
{
   SCIP_VAR* var;
   int npendingbdchgs;
   int conflictdepth;
   int i;

   assert(tree != NULL);

   npendingbdchgs = tree->npendingbdchgs;
   for( i = 0; i < npendingbdchgs; ++i )
   {
      var = tree->pendingbdchgs[i].var;
      assert(SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->pendingbdchgs[i].node) < tree->cutoffdepth);

      conflictdepth = SCIPvarGetConflictingBdchgDepth(var, set, tree->pendingbdchgs[i].boundtype,
         tree->pendingbdchgs[i].newbound);

      /* It can happen, that a pending bound change conflicts with the global bounds, because when it was collected, it
       * just conflicted with the local bounds, but a conflicting global bound change was applied afterwards. In this
       * case, we can cut off the node where the pending bound change should be applied.
       */
      if( conflictdepth == 0 )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCutoff(tree->pendingbdchgs[i].node, set, stat, tree, transprob, origprob, reopt, lp, blkmem) );

         if( ((int) tree->pendingbdchgs[i].node->depth) <= tree->effectiverootdepth )
            return SCIP_OKAY;
         else
            continue;
      }

      assert(conflictdepth == -1);

      SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "applying pending bound change <%s>[%g,%g] %s %g\n", SCIPvarGetName(var),
         SCIPvarGetLbLocal(var), SCIPvarGetUbLocal(var),
         tree->pendingbdchgs[i].boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER ? ">=" : "<=",
         tree->pendingbdchgs[i].newbound);

      /* ignore bounds that are now redundant (for example, multiple entries in the pendingbdchgs for the same
       * variable)
       */
      if( tree->pendingbdchgs[i].boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER )
      {
         SCIP_Real lb;

         lb = SCIPvarGetLbLocal(var);
         if( !SCIPsetIsGT(set, tree->pendingbdchgs[i].newbound, lb) )
         {
            /* release the variable */
            SCIP_CALL( SCIPvarRelease(&var, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );
            continue;
         }
      }
      else
      {
         SCIP_Real ub;

         assert(tree->pendingbdchgs[i].boundtype == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_UPPER);
         ub = SCIPvarGetUbLocal(var);
         if( !SCIPsetIsLT(set, tree->pendingbdchgs[i].newbound, ub) )
         {
            /* release the variable */
            SCIP_CALL( SCIPvarRelease(&var, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );
            continue;
         }
      }

      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeAddBoundinfer(tree->pendingbdchgs[i].node, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt,
            lp, branchcand, eventqueue, cliquetable, var, tree->pendingbdchgs[i].newbound, tree->pendingbdchgs[i].boundtype,
            tree->pendingbdchgs[i].infercons, tree->pendingbdchgs[i].inferprop, tree->pendingbdchgs[i].inferinfo,
            tree->pendingbdchgs[i].probingchange) );
      assert(tree->npendingbdchgs == npendingbdchgs); /* this time, the bound change can be applied! */

      /* release the variable */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPvarRelease(&var, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );
   }
   tree->npendingbdchgs = 0;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** if given value is larger than the node's lower bound, sets the node's lower bound to the new value */
void SCIPnodeUpdateLowerbound(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to update lower bound for */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_Real             newbound            /**< new lower bound for the node (if it's larger than the old one) */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(stat != NULL);

   if( newbound > node->lowerbound )
   {
      SCIP_Real oldbound;

      oldbound = node->lowerbound;
      node->lowerbound = newbound;
      node->estimate = MAX(node->estimate, newbound);

      if( node->depth == 0 )
      {
         stat->rootlowerbound = newbound;
         if( set->misc_calcintegral )
            SCIPstatUpdatePrimalDualIntegral(stat, set, transprob, origprob, SCIPsetInfinity(set), newbound);
         SCIPvisualLowerbound(stat->visual, set, stat, newbound);
      }
      else if ( SCIPnodeGetType(node) != SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE )
      {
         SCIP_Real lowerbound;

         lowerbound = SCIPtreeGetLowerbound(tree, set);
         assert(newbound >= lowerbound);
         SCIPvisualLowerbound(stat->visual, set, stat, lowerbound);

         /* updating the primal integral is only necessary if dual bound has increased since last evaluation */
         if( set->misc_calcintegral && SCIPsetIsEQ(set, oldbound, stat->lastlowerbound) && lowerbound > stat->lastlowerbound )
            SCIPstatUpdatePrimalDualIntegral(stat, set, transprob, origprob, SCIPsetInfinity(set), lowerbound);
      }
   }
}

/** updates lower bound of node using lower bound of LP */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeUpdateLowerboundLP(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to set lower bound for */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< LP data */
   )
{
   SCIP_Real lpobjval;

   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(lp->flushed);

   /* in case of iteration or time limit, the LP value may not be a valid dual bound */
   /* @todo check for dual feasibility of LP solution and use sub-optimal solution if they are dual feasible */
   if( lp->lpsolstat == SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_ITERLIMIT || lp->lpsolstat == SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_TIMELIMIT )
      return SCIP_OKAY;

   if( set->misc_exactsolve )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpGetProvedLowerbound(lp, set, &lpobjval) );
   }
   else
      lpobjval = SCIPlpGetObjval(lp, set, transprob);

   SCIPnodeUpdateLowerbound(node, stat, set, tree, transprob, origprob, lpobjval);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}


/** change the node selection priority of the given child */
void SCIPchildChgNodeselPrio(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_NODE*            child,              /**< child to update the node selection priority */
   SCIP_Real             priority            /**< node selection priority value */
   )
{
   int pos;

   assert( SCIPnodeGetType(child) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD );

   pos = child->data.child.arraypos;
   assert( pos >= 0 );

   tree->childrenprio[pos] = priority;
}


/** sets the node's estimated bound to the new value */
void SCIPnodeSetEstimate(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to update lower bound for */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_Real             newestimate         /**< new estimated bound for the node */
   )
{
   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(SCIPsetIsRelGE(set, newestimate, node->lowerbound));

   node->estimate = newestimate;
}

/** propagates implications of binary fixings at the given node triggered by the implication graph and the clique table */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodePropagateImplics(
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< node to propagate implications on */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable,        /**< clique table data structure */
   SCIP_Bool*            cutoff              /**< pointer to store whether the node can be cut off */
   )
{
   int nboundchgs;
   int i;

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeIsActive(node));
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
      || SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE
      || SCIPnodeGetType(node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE);
   assert(cutoff != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "implication graph propagation of node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " in depth %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(node));

   *cutoff = FALSE;

   /* propagate all fixings of binary variables performed at this node */
   nboundchgs = SCIPdomchgGetNBoundchgs(node->domchg);
   for( i = 0; i < nboundchgs && !(*cutoff); ++i )
   {
      SCIP_BOUNDCHG* boundchg;
      SCIP_VAR* var;

      boundchg = SCIPdomchgGetBoundchg(node->domchg, i);

      /* ignore redundant bound changes */
      if( SCIPboundchgIsRedundant(boundchg) )
         continue;

      var = SCIPboundchgGetVar(boundchg);
      if( SCIPvarIsBinary(var) )
      {
         SCIP_Bool varfixing;
         int nimpls;
         SCIP_VAR** implvars;
         SCIP_BOUNDTYPE* impltypes;
         SCIP_Real* implbounds;
         SCIP_CLIQUE** cliques;
         int ncliques;
         int j;

         varfixing = (SCIPboundchgGetBoundtype(boundchg) == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER);
         nimpls = SCIPvarGetNImpls(var, varfixing);
         implvars = SCIPvarGetImplVars(var, varfixing);
         impltypes = SCIPvarGetImplTypes(var, varfixing);
         implbounds = SCIPvarGetImplBounds(var, varfixing);

         /* apply implications */
         for( j = 0; j < nimpls; ++j )
         {
            SCIP_Real lb;
            SCIP_Real ub;

            /* @note should this be checked here (because SCIPnodeAddBoundinfer fails for multi-aggregated variables)
             *       or should SCIPnodeAddBoundinfer() just return for multi-aggregated variables?
             */
            if( SCIPvarGetStatus(SCIPvarGetProbvar(implvars[j])) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_MULTAGGR )
               continue;

            /* check for infeasibility */
            lb = SCIPvarGetLbLocal(implvars[j]);
            ub = SCIPvarGetUbLocal(implvars[j]);
            if( impltypes[j] == SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER )
            {
               if( SCIPsetIsFeasGT(set, implbounds[j], ub) )
               {
                  *cutoff = TRUE;
                  return SCIP_OKAY;
               }
               if( SCIPsetIsFeasLE(set, implbounds[j], lb) )
                  continue;
            }
            else
            {
               if( SCIPsetIsFeasLT(set, implbounds[j], lb) )
               {
                  *cutoff = TRUE;
                  return SCIP_OKAY;
               }
               if( SCIPsetIsFeasGE(set, implbounds[j], ub) )
                  continue;
            }

            /* @note the implication might affect a fixed variable (after resolving (multi-)aggregations);
             *       normally, the implication should have been deleted in that case, but this is only possible
             *       if the implied variable has the reverse implication stored as a variable bound;
             *       due to numerics, the variable bound may not be present and so the implication is not deleted
             */
            if( SCIPvarGetStatus(SCIPvarGetProbvar(implvars[j])) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_FIXED )
               continue;

            /* apply the implication */
            SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeAddBoundinfer(node, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand,
                  eventqueue, cliquetable, implvars[j], implbounds[j], impltypes[j], NULL, NULL, 0, FALSE) );
         }

         /* apply cliques */
         ncliques = SCIPvarGetNCliques(var, varfixing);
         cliques = SCIPvarGetCliques(var, varfixing);
         for( j = 0; j < ncliques; ++j )
         {
            SCIP_VAR** vars;
            SCIP_Bool* values;
            int nvars;
            int k;

            nvars = SCIPcliqueGetNVars(cliques[j]);
            vars = SCIPcliqueGetVars(cliques[j]);
            values = SCIPcliqueGetValues(cliques[j]);
            for( k = 0; k < nvars; ++k )
            {
               SCIP_Real lb;
               SCIP_Real ub;

               assert(SCIPvarIsBinary(vars[k]));

               if( SCIPvarGetStatus(vars[k]) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_MULTAGGR )
                  continue;

               if( vars[k] == var && values[k] == varfixing )
                  continue;

               /* check for infeasibility */
               lb = SCIPvarGetLbLocal(vars[k]);
               ub = SCIPvarGetUbLocal(vars[k]);
               if( values[k] == FALSE )
               {
                  if( ub < 0.5 )
                  {
                     *cutoff = TRUE;
                     return SCIP_OKAY;
                  }
                  if( lb > 0.5 )
                     continue;
               }
               else
               {
                  if( lb > 0.5 )
                  {
                     *cutoff = TRUE;
                     return SCIP_OKAY;
                  }
                  if( ub < 0.5 )
                     continue;
               }

               if( SCIPvarGetStatus(SCIPvarGetProbvar(vars[k])) == SCIP_VARSTATUS_FIXED )
                  continue;

               /* apply the clique implication */
               SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeAddBoundinfer(node, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand,
                     eventqueue, cliquetable, vars[k], (SCIP_Real)(!values[k]), values[k] ? SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_UPPER : SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER,
                     NULL, NULL, 0, FALSE) );
            }
         }
      }
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}




/*
 * Path Switching
 */

/** updates the LP sizes of the active path starting at the given depth */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeUpdatePathLPSize(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   int                   startdepth          /**< depth to start counting */
   )
{
   SCIP_NODE* node;
   int ncols;
   int nrows;
   int i;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(startdepth >= 0);
   assert(startdepth <= tree->pathlen);

   if( startdepth == 0 )
   {
      ncols = 0;
      nrows = 0;
   }
   else
   {
      ncols = tree->pathnlpcols[startdepth-1];
      nrows = tree->pathnlprows[startdepth-1];
   }

   for( i = startdepth; i < tree->pathlen; ++i )
   {
      node = tree->path[i];
      assert(node != NULL);
      assert(node->active);
      assert((int)(node->depth) == i);

      switch( SCIPnodeGetType(node) )
      {
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE:
         assert(i == tree->pathlen-1 || SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE:
         assert(SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
         assert(i >= 1);
         assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->path[i-1]) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
            || (ncols == node->data.probingnode->ninitialcols && nrows == node->data.probingnode->ninitialrows));
         assert(ncols <= node->data.probingnode->ncols || !tree->focuslpconstructed);
         assert(nrows <= node->data.probingnode->nrows || !tree->focuslpconstructed);
         if( i < tree->pathlen-1 )
         {
            ncols = node->data.probingnode->ncols;
            nrows = node->data.probingnode->nrows;
         }
         else
         {
            /* for the current probing node, the initial LP size is stored in the path */
            ncols = node->data.probingnode->ninitialcols;
            nrows = node->data.probingnode->ninitialrows;
         }
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING:
         SCIPerrorMessage("sibling cannot be in the active path\n");
         SCIPABORT();
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;  /*lint !e527*/
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD:
         SCIPerrorMessage("child cannot be in the active path\n");
         SCIPABORT();
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;  /*lint !e527*/
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF:
         SCIPerrorMessage("leaf cannot be in the active path\n");
         SCIPABORT();
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;  /*lint !e527*/
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_DEADEND:
         SCIPerrorMessage("dead-end cannot be in the active path\n");
         SCIPABORT();
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;  /*lint !e527*/
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION:
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK:
         assert(node->data.pseudofork != NULL);
         ncols += node->data.pseudofork->naddedcols;
         nrows += node->data.pseudofork->naddedrows;
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK:
         assert(node->data.fork != NULL);
         ncols += node->data.fork->naddedcols;
         nrows += node->data.fork->naddedrows;
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT:
         assert(node->data.subroot != NULL);
         ncols = node->data.subroot->ncols;
         nrows = node->data.subroot->nrows;
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE:
         SCIPerrorMessage("node cannot be of type REFOCUSNODE at this point\n");
         SCIPABORT();
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;  /*lint !e527*/
      default:
         SCIPerrorMessage("unknown node type %d\n", SCIPnodeGetType(node));
         SCIPABORT();
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;  /*lint !e527*/
      }
      tree->pathnlpcols[i] = ncols;
      tree->pathnlprows[i] = nrows;
   }
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** finds the common fork node, the new LP state defining fork, and the new focus subroot, if the path is switched to
 *  the given node
 */
static
void treeFindSwitchForks(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_NODE*            node,               /**< new focus node, or NULL */
   SCIP_NODE**           commonfork,         /**< pointer to store common fork node of old and new focus node */
   SCIP_NODE**           newlpfork,          /**< pointer to store the new LP defining fork node */
   SCIP_NODE**           newlpstatefork,     /**< pointer to store the new LP state defining fork node */
   SCIP_NODE**           newsubroot,         /**< pointer to store the new subroot node */
   SCIP_Bool*            cutoff              /**< pointer to store whether the given node can be cut off and no path switching
                                              *   should be performed */
   )
{
   SCIP_NODE* fork;
   SCIP_NODE* lpfork;
   SCIP_NODE* lpstatefork;
   SCIP_NODE* subroot;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->root != NULL);
   assert((tree->focusnode == NULL) == !tree->root->active);
   assert(tree->focuslpfork == NULL || tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(tree->focuslpfork == NULL || tree->focuslpfork->depth < tree->focusnode->depth);
   assert(tree->focuslpstatefork == NULL || tree->focuslpfork != NULL);
   assert(tree->focuslpstatefork == NULL || tree->focuslpstatefork->depth <= tree->focuslpfork->depth);
   assert(tree->focussubroot == NULL || tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL);
   assert(tree->focussubroot == NULL || tree->focussubroot->depth <= tree->focuslpstatefork->depth);
   assert(tree->cutoffdepth >= 0);
   assert(tree->cutoffdepth == INT_MAX || tree->cutoffdepth < tree->pathlen);
   assert(tree->cutoffdepth == INT_MAX || tree->path[tree->cutoffdepth]->cutoff);
   assert(tree->repropdepth >= 0);
   assert(tree->repropdepth == INT_MAX || tree->repropdepth < tree->pathlen);
   assert(tree->repropdepth == INT_MAX || tree->path[tree->repropdepth]->reprop);
   assert(commonfork != NULL);
   assert(newlpfork != NULL);
   assert(newlpstatefork != NULL);
   assert(newsubroot != NULL);
   assert(cutoff != NULL);

   *commonfork = NULL;
   *newlpfork = NULL;
   *newlpstatefork = NULL;
   *newsubroot = NULL;
   *cutoff = FALSE;

   /* if the new focus node is NULL, there is no common fork node, and the new LP fork, LP state fork, and subroot
    * are NULL
    */
   if( node == NULL )
   {
      tree->cutoffdepth = INT_MAX;
      tree->repropdepth = INT_MAX;
      return;
   }

   /* check if the new node is marked to be cut off */
   if( node->cutoff )
   {
      *cutoff = TRUE;
      return;
   }

   /* if the old focus node is NULL, there is no common fork node, and we have to search the new LP fork, LP state fork
    * and subroot
    */
   if( tree->focusnode == NULL )
   {
      assert(!tree->root->active);
      assert(tree->pathlen == 0);
      assert(tree->cutoffdepth == INT_MAX);
      assert(tree->repropdepth == INT_MAX);

      lpfork = node;
      while( SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK
         && SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK && SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
      {
         lpfork = lpfork->parent;
         if( lpfork == NULL )
            return;
         if( lpfork->cutoff )
         {
            *cutoff = TRUE;
            return;
         }
      }
      *newlpfork = lpfork;

      lpstatefork = lpfork;
      while( SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK && SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
      {
         lpstatefork = lpstatefork->parent;
         if( lpstatefork == NULL )
            return;
         if( lpstatefork->cutoff )
         {
            *cutoff = TRUE;
            return;
         }
      }
      *newlpstatefork = lpstatefork;

      subroot = lpstatefork;
      while( SCIPnodeGetType(subroot) != SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
      {
         subroot = subroot->parent;
         if( subroot == NULL )
            return;
         if( subroot->cutoff )
         {
            *cutoff = TRUE;
            return;
         }
      }
      *newsubroot = subroot;

      fork = subroot;
      while( fork->parent != NULL )
      {
         fork = fork->parent;
         if( fork->cutoff )
         {
            *cutoff = TRUE;
            return;
         }
      }
      return;
   }

   /* find the common fork node, the new LP defining fork, the new LP state defining fork, and the new focus subroot */
   fork = node;
   lpfork = NULL;
   lpstatefork = NULL;
   subroot = NULL;
   assert(fork != NULL);

   while( !fork->active )
   {
      fork = fork->parent;
      assert(fork != NULL); /* because the root is active, there must be a common fork node */

      if( fork->cutoff )
      {
         *cutoff = TRUE;
         return;
      }
      if( lpfork == NULL
         && (SCIPnodeGetType(fork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK
            || SCIPnodeGetType(fork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK || SCIPnodeGetType(fork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT) )
         lpfork = fork;
      if( lpstatefork == NULL
         && (SCIPnodeGetType(fork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK || SCIPnodeGetType(fork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT) )
         lpstatefork = fork;
      if( subroot == NULL && SCIPnodeGetType(fork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
         subroot = fork;
   }
   assert(lpfork == NULL || !lpfork->active || lpfork == fork);
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL || !lpstatefork->active || lpstatefork == fork);
   assert(subroot == NULL || !subroot->active || subroot == fork);
   SCIPdebugMessage("find switch forks: forkdepth=%u\n", fork->depth);

   /* if the common fork node is below the current cutoff depth, the cutoff node is an ancestor of the common fork
    * and thus an ancestor of the new focus node, s.t. the new node can also be cut off
    */
   assert((int)fork->depth != tree->cutoffdepth);
   if( (int)fork->depth > tree->cutoffdepth )
   {
#ifndef NDEBUG
      while( !fork->cutoff )
      {
         fork = fork->parent;
         assert(fork != NULL);
      }
      assert((int)fork->depth >= tree->cutoffdepth);
#endif
      *cutoff = TRUE;
      return;
   }
   tree->cutoffdepth = INT_MAX;

   /* if not already found, continue searching the LP defining fork; it cannot be deeper than the common fork */
   if( lpfork == NULL )
   {
      if( tree->focuslpfork != NULL && (int)(tree->focuslpfork->depth) > fork->depth )
      {
         /* focuslpfork is not on the same active path as the new node: we have to continue searching */
         lpfork = fork;
         while( lpfork != NULL
            && SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK
            && SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
            && SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
         {
            assert(lpfork->active);
            lpfork = lpfork->parent;
         }
      }
      else
      {
         /* focuslpfork is on the same active path as the new node: old and new node have the same lpfork */
         lpfork = tree->focuslpfork;
      }
      assert(lpfork == NULL || (int)(lpfork->depth) <= fork->depth);
      assert(lpfork == NULL || lpfork->active);
   }
   assert(lpfork == NULL
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
   SCIPdebugMessage("find switch forks: lpforkdepth=%d\n", lpfork == NULL ? -1 : (int)(lpfork->depth));

   /* if not already found, continue searching the LP state defining fork; it cannot be deeper than the
    * LP defining fork and the common fork
    */
   if( lpstatefork == NULL )
   {
      if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL && (int)(tree->focuslpstatefork->depth) > fork->depth )
      {
         /* focuslpstatefork is not on the same active path as the new node: we have to continue searching */
         if( lpfork != NULL && lpfork->depth < fork->depth )
            lpstatefork = lpfork;
         else
            lpstatefork = fork;
         while( lpstatefork != NULL
            && SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
            && SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) != SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
         {
            assert(lpstatefork->active);
            lpstatefork = lpstatefork->parent;
         }
      }
      else
      {
         /* focuslpstatefork is on the same active path as the new node: old and new node have the same lpstatefork */
         lpstatefork = tree->focuslpstatefork;
      }
      assert(lpstatefork == NULL || (int)(lpstatefork->depth) <= fork->depth);
      assert(lpstatefork == NULL || lpstatefork->active);
   }
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL || (lpfork != NULL && lpstatefork->depth <= lpfork->depth));
   SCIPdebugMessage("find switch forks: lpstateforkdepth=%d\n", lpstatefork == NULL ? -1 : (int)(lpstatefork->depth));

   /* if not already found, continue searching the subroot; it cannot be deeper than the LP defining fork, the
    * LP state fork and the common fork
    */
   if( subroot == NULL )
   {
      if( tree->focussubroot != NULL && (int)(tree->focussubroot->depth) > fork->depth )
      {
         /* focussubroot is not on the same active path as the new node: we have to continue searching */
         if( lpstatefork != NULL && lpstatefork->depth < fork->depth )
            subroot = lpstatefork;
         else if( lpfork != NULL && lpfork->depth < fork->depth )
            subroot = lpfork;
         else
            subroot = fork;
         while( subroot != NULL && SCIPnodeGetType(subroot) != SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
         {
            assert(subroot->active);
            subroot = subroot->parent;
         }
      }
      else
         subroot = tree->focussubroot;
      assert(subroot == NULL || subroot->depth <= fork->depth);
      assert(subroot == NULL || subroot->active);
   }
   assert(subroot == NULL || SCIPnodeGetType(subroot) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
   assert(subroot == NULL || (lpstatefork != NULL && subroot->depth <= lpstatefork->depth));
   SCIPdebugMessage("find switch forks: subrootdepth=%d\n", subroot == NULL ? -1 : (int)(subroot->depth));

   /* if a node prior to the common fork should be repropagated, we select the node to be repropagated as common
    * fork in order to undo all bound changes up to this node, repropagate the node, and redo the bound changes
    * afterwards
    */
   if( (int)fork->depth > tree->repropdepth )
   {
      fork = tree->path[tree->repropdepth];
      assert(fork->active);
      assert(fork->reprop);
   }

   *commonfork = fork;
   *newlpfork = lpfork;
   *newlpstatefork = lpstatefork;
   *newsubroot = subroot;

#ifndef NDEBUG
   while( fork != NULL )
   {
      assert(fork->active);
      assert(!fork->cutoff);
      assert(fork->parent == NULL || !fork->parent->reprop);
      fork = fork->parent;
   }
#endif
   tree->repropdepth = INT_MAX;
}

/** switches the active path to the new focus node, applies domain and constraint set changes */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeSwitchPath(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_PRIMAL*          primal,             /**< primal data */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CONFLICT*        conflict,           /**< conflict analysis data */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< event filter for global (not variable dependent) events */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable,        /**< clique table data structure */
   SCIP_NODE*            fork,               /**< common fork node of old and new focus node, or NULL */
   SCIP_NODE*            focusnode,          /**< new focus node, or NULL */
   SCIP_Bool*            cutoff              /**< pointer to store whether the new focus node can be cut off */
   )
{
   int focusnodedepth;  /* depth of the new focus node, or -1 if focusnode == NULL */
   int forkdepth;       /* depth of the common subroot/fork/pseudofork/junction node, or -1 if no common fork exists */
   int i;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(fork == NULL || (fork->active && !fork->cutoff));
   assert(fork == NULL || focusnode != NULL);
   assert(focusnode == NULL || (!focusnode->active && !focusnode->cutoff));
   assert(focusnode == NULL || SCIPnodeGetType(focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(cutoff != NULL);

   *cutoff = FALSE;

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "switch path: old pathlen=%d\n", tree->pathlen);

   /* get the nodes' depths */
   focusnodedepth = (focusnode != NULL ? (int)focusnode->depth : -1);
   forkdepth = (fork != NULL ? (int)fork->depth : -1);
   assert(forkdepth <= focusnodedepth);
   assert(forkdepth < tree->pathlen);

   /* delay events in path switching */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPeventqueueDelay(eventqueue) );

   /* undo the domain and constraint set changes of the old active path by deactivating the path's nodes */
   for( i = tree->pathlen-1; i > forkdepth; --i )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( nodeDeactivate(tree->path[i], blkmem, set, stat, tree, lp, branchcand, eventqueue) );
   }
   tree->pathlen = forkdepth+1;

   /* apply the pending bound changes */
   SCIP_CALL( treeApplyPendingBdchgs(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, lp, branchcand, eventqueue, cliquetable) );

   /* create the new active path */
   SCIP_CALL( treeEnsurePathMem(tree, set, focusnodedepth+1) );

   while( focusnode != fork )
   {
      assert(focusnode != NULL);
      assert(!focusnode->active);
      assert(!focusnode->cutoff);
      /* coverity[var_deref_op] */
      tree->path[focusnode->depth] = focusnode;
      focusnode = focusnode->parent;
   }

   /* fork might be cut off when applying the pending bound changes */
   if( fork != NULL && fork->cutoff )
      *cutoff = TRUE;
   else if( fork != NULL && fork->reprop )
   {
     /* propagate common fork again, if the reprop flag is set */
      assert(tree->path[forkdepth] == fork);
      assert(fork->active);
      assert(!fork->cutoff);

      SCIP_CALL( nodeRepropagate(fork, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, primal, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, conflict,
            eventfilter, eventqueue, cliquetable, cutoff) );
   }
   assert(fork != NULL || !(*cutoff));

   /* Apply domain and constraint set changes of the new path by activating the path's nodes;
    * on the way, domain propagation might be applied again to the path's nodes, which can result in the cutoff of
    * the node (and its subtree).
    * We only activate all nodes down to the parent of the new focus node, because the events in this process are
    * delayed, which means that multiple changes of a bound of a variable are merged (and might even be cancelled out,
    * if the bound is first relaxed when deactivating a node on the old path and then tightened to the same value
    * when activating a node on the new path).
    * This is valid for all nodes down to the parent of the new focus node, since they have already been propagated.
    * Bound change events on the new focus node, however, must not be cancelled out, since they need to be propagated
    * and thus, the event must be thrown and catched by the constraint handlers to mark constraints for propagation.
    */
   for( i = forkdepth+1; i < focusnodedepth && !(*cutoff); ++i )
   {
      assert(!tree->path[i]->cutoff);
      assert(tree->pathlen == i);

      /* activate the node, and apply domain propagation if the reprop flag is set */
      tree->pathlen++;
      SCIP_CALL( nodeActivate(tree->path[i], blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, primal, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand,
            conflict, eventfilter, eventqueue, cliquetable, cutoff) );
   }

   /* process the delayed events */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPeventqueueProcess(eventqueue, blkmem, set, primal, lp, branchcand, eventfilter) );

   /* activate the new focus node; there is no need to delay these events */
   if( !(*cutoff) && (i == focusnodedepth) )
   {
      assert(!tree->path[focusnodedepth]->cutoff);
      assert(tree->pathlen == focusnodedepth);

      /* activate the node, and apply domain propagation if the reprop flag is set */
      tree->pathlen++;
      SCIP_CALL( nodeActivate(tree->path[focusnodedepth], blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, primal, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand,
            conflict, eventfilter, eventqueue, cliquetable, cutoff) );
   }

   /* mark last node of path to be cut off, if a cutoff was found */
   if( *cutoff )
   {
      assert(tree->pathlen > 0);
      assert(tree->path[tree->pathlen-1]->active);
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCutoff(tree->path[tree->pathlen-1], set, stat, tree, transprob, origprob, reopt, lp, blkmem) );
   }

   /* count the new LP sizes of the path */
   SCIP_CALL( treeUpdatePathLPSize(tree, forkdepth+1) );

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "switch path: new pathlen=%d\n", tree->pathlen);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** loads the subroot's LP data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE subrootConstructLP(
   SCIP_NODE*            subroot,            /**< subroot node to construct LP for */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< global event filter */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   SCIP_COL** cols;
   SCIP_ROW** rows;
   int ncols;
   int nrows;
   int c;
   int r;

   assert(subroot != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(subroot) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
   assert(subroot->data.subroot != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   cols = subroot->data.subroot->cols;
   rows = subroot->data.subroot->rows;
   ncols = subroot->data.subroot->ncols;
   nrows = subroot->data.subroot->nrows;

   assert(ncols == 0 || cols != NULL);
   assert(nrows == 0 || rows != NULL);

   for( c = 0; c < ncols; ++c )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpAddCol(lp, set, cols[c], subroot->depth) );
   }
   for( r = 0; r < nrows; ++r )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpAddRow(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, rows[r], subroot->depth) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** loads the fork's additional LP data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE forkAddLP(
   SCIP_NODE*            fork,               /**< fork node to construct additional LP for */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< global event filter */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   SCIP_COL** cols;
   SCIP_ROW** rows;
   int ncols;
   int nrows;
   int c;
   int r;

   assert(fork != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(fork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK);
   assert(fork->data.fork != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   cols = fork->data.fork->addedcols;
   rows = fork->data.fork->addedrows;
   ncols = fork->data.fork->naddedcols;
   nrows = fork->data.fork->naddedrows;

   assert(ncols == 0 || cols != NULL);
   assert(nrows == 0 || rows != NULL);

   for( c = 0; c < ncols; ++c )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpAddCol(lp, set, cols[c], fork->depth) );
   }
   for( r = 0; r < nrows; ++r )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpAddRow(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, rows[r], fork->depth) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** loads the pseudofork's additional LP data */
static
SCIP_RETCODE pseudoforkAddLP(
   SCIP_NODE*            pseudofork,         /**< pseudofork node to construct additional LP for */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< global event filter */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   SCIP_COL** cols;
   SCIP_ROW** rows;
   int ncols;
   int nrows;
   int c;
   int r;

   assert(pseudofork != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(pseudofork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK);
   assert(pseudofork->data.pseudofork != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   cols = pseudofork->data.pseudofork->addedcols;
   rows = pseudofork->data.pseudofork->addedrows;
   ncols = pseudofork->data.pseudofork->naddedcols;
   nrows = pseudofork->data.pseudofork->naddedrows;

   assert(ncols == 0 || cols != NULL);
   assert(nrows == 0 || rows != NULL);

   for( c = 0; c < ncols; ++c )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpAddCol(lp, set, cols[c], pseudofork->depth) );
   }
   for( r = 0; r < nrows; ++r )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpAddRow(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, rows[r], pseudofork->depth) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

#ifndef NDEBUG
/** checks validity of active path */
static
void treeCheckPath(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree                /**< branch and bound tree */
   )
{
   SCIP_NODE* node;
   int ncols;
   int nrows;
   int d;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->path != NULL);

   ncols = 0;
   nrows = 0;
   for( d = 0; d < tree->pathlen; ++d )
   {
      node = tree->path[d];
      assert(node != NULL);
      assert((int)(node->depth) == d);
      switch( SCIPnodeGetType(node) )
      {  
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_PROBINGNODE:
         assert(SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
         assert(d >= 1);
         assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->path[d-1]) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE
            || (ncols == node->data.probingnode->ninitialcols && nrows == node->data.probingnode->ninitialrows));
         assert(ncols <= node->data.probingnode->ncols || !tree->focuslpconstructed);
         assert(nrows <= node->data.probingnode->nrows || !tree->focuslpconstructed);
         if( d < tree->pathlen-1 )
         {
            ncols = node->data.probingnode->ncols;
            nrows = node->data.probingnode->nrows;
         }
         else
         {
            /* for the current probing node, the initial LP size is stored in the path */
            ncols = node->data.probingnode->ninitialcols;
            nrows = node->data.probingnode->ninitialrows;
         }
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION:
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK:
         ncols += node->data.pseudofork->naddedcols;
         nrows += node->data.pseudofork->naddedrows;
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK:
         ncols += node->data.fork->naddedcols;
         nrows += node->data.fork->naddedrows;
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT:
         ncols = node->data.subroot->ncols;
         nrows = node->data.subroot->nrows;
         break;
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE:
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_REFOCUSNODE:
         assert(d == tree->pathlen-1 || SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
         break;
      default:
         SCIPerrorMessage("node at depth %d on active path has to be of type JUNCTION, PSEUDOFORK, FORK, SUBROOT, FOCUSNODE, REFOCUSNODE, or PROBINGNODE, but is %d\n",
            d, SCIPnodeGetType(node));
         SCIPABORT();
      }  /*lint !e788*/
      assert(tree->pathnlpcols[d] == ncols);
      assert(tree->pathnlprows[d] == nrows);
   }
}
#else
#define treeCheckPath(tree) /**/
#endif

/** constructs the LP relaxation of the focus node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPtreeLoadLP(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< global event filter */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_Bool*            initroot            /**< pointer to store whether the root LP relaxation has to be initialized */
   )
{
   SCIP_NODE* lpfork;
   int lpforkdepth;
   int d;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!tree->focuslpconstructed);
   assert(tree->path != NULL);
   assert(tree->pathlen > 0);
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focusnode) == tree->pathlen-1);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode == tree->path[tree->pathlen-1]);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);
   assert(initroot != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "load LP for current fork node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d\n",
      tree->focuslpfork == NULL ? -1 : SCIPnodeGetNumber(tree->focuslpfork),
      tree->focuslpfork == NULL ? -1 : SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focuslpfork));
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "-> old LP has %d cols and %d rows\n", SCIPlpGetNCols(lp), SCIPlpGetNRows(lp));
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "-> correct LP has %d cols and %d rows\n",
      tree->correctlpdepth >= 0 ? tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth] : 0,
      tree->correctlpdepth >= 0 ? tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth] : 0);
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "-> old correctlpdepth: %d\n", tree->correctlpdepth);

   treeCheckPath(tree);

   lpfork = tree->focuslpfork;

   /* find out the lpfork's depth (or -1, if lpfork is NULL) */
   if( lpfork == NULL )
   {
      assert(tree->correctlpdepth == -1 || tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth] == 0);
      assert(tree->correctlpdepth == -1 || tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth] == 0);
      assert(tree->focuslpstatefork == NULL);
      assert(tree->focussubroot == NULL);
      lpforkdepth = -1;
   }
   else
   {
      assert(SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK
         || SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK || SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
      assert(lpfork->active);
      assert(tree->path[lpfork->depth] == lpfork);
      lpforkdepth = lpfork->depth;
   }
   assert(lpforkdepth < tree->pathlen-1); /* lpfork must not be the last (the focus) node of the active path */

   /* find out, if we are in the same subtree */
   if( tree->correctlpdepth >= 0 )
   {
      /* same subtree: shrink LP to the deepest node with correct LP */
      assert(lpforkdepth == -1 || tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth] <= tree->pathnlpcols[lpforkdepth]);
      assert(lpforkdepth == -1 || tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth] <= tree->pathnlprows[lpforkdepth]);
      assert(lpforkdepth >= 0 || tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth] == 0);
      assert(lpforkdepth >= 0 || tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth] == 0);
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpShrinkCols(lp, set, tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth]) );
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpShrinkRows(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth]) );
   }
   else
   {
      /* other subtree: fill LP with the subroot LP data */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpClear(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter) );
      if( tree->focussubroot != NULL )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( subrootConstructLP(tree->focussubroot, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, lp) );
         tree->correctlpdepth = tree->focussubroot->depth; 
      }
   }

   assert(lpforkdepth < tree->pathlen);

   /* add the missing columns and rows */
   for( d = tree->correctlpdepth+1; d <= lpforkdepth; ++d )
   {
      SCIP_NODE* pathnode;

      pathnode = tree->path[d];
      assert(pathnode != NULL);
      assert((int)(pathnode->depth) == d);
      assert(SCIPnodeGetType(pathnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION
         || SCIPnodeGetType(pathnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK
         || SCIPnodeGetType(pathnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK);
      if( SCIPnodeGetType(pathnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( forkAddLP(pathnode, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, lp) );
      }
      else if( SCIPnodeGetType(pathnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( pseudoforkAddLP(pathnode, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, lp) );
      }
   }
   tree->correctlpdepth = MAX(tree->correctlpdepth, lpforkdepth);
   assert(lpforkdepth == -1 || tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth] == tree->pathnlpcols[lpforkdepth]);
   assert(lpforkdepth == -1 || tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth] == tree->pathnlprows[lpforkdepth]);
   assert(lpforkdepth == -1 || SCIPlpGetNCols(lp) == tree->pathnlpcols[lpforkdepth]);
   assert(lpforkdepth == -1 || SCIPlpGetNRows(lp) == tree->pathnlprows[lpforkdepth]);
   assert(lpforkdepth >= 0 || SCIPlpGetNCols(lp) == 0);
   assert(lpforkdepth >= 0 || SCIPlpGetNRows(lp) == 0);

   /* mark the LP's size, such that we know which rows and columns were added in the new node */
   SCIPlpMarkSize(lp);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "-> new correctlpdepth: %d\n", tree->correctlpdepth);
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "-> new LP has %d cols and %d rows\n", SCIPlpGetNCols(lp), SCIPlpGetNRows(lp));

   /* if the correct LP depth is still -1, the root LP relaxation has to be initialized */
   *initroot = (tree->correctlpdepth == -1);

   /* mark the LP of the focus node constructed */
   tree->focuslpconstructed = TRUE;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** loads LP state for fork/subroot of the focus node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPtreeLoadLPState(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   SCIP_NODE* lpstatefork;
   SCIP_Bool updatefeas;
   SCIP_Bool checkbdchgs;
   int lpstateforkdepth;
   int d;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->focuslpconstructed);
   assert(tree->path != NULL);
   assert(tree->pathlen > 0);
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(tree->correctlpdepth < tree->pathlen);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focusnode) == tree->pathlen-1);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode == tree->path[tree->pathlen-1]);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "load LP state for current fork node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d\n",
      tree->focuslpstatefork == NULL ? -1 : SCIPnodeGetNumber(tree->focuslpstatefork),
      tree->focuslpstatefork == NULL ? -1 : SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focuslpstatefork));

   lpstatefork = tree->focuslpstatefork;

   /* if there is no LP state defining fork, nothing can be done */
   if( lpstatefork == NULL )
      return SCIP_OKAY;

   /* get the lpstatefork's depth */
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK || SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
   assert(lpstatefork->active);
   assert(tree->path[lpstatefork->depth] == lpstatefork);
   lpstateforkdepth = lpstatefork->depth;
   assert(lpstateforkdepth < tree->pathlen-1); /* lpstatefork must not be the last (the focus) node of the active path */
   assert(lpstateforkdepth <= tree->correctlpdepth); /* LP must have been constructed at least up to the fork depth */
   assert(tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth] >= tree->pathnlpcols[lpstateforkdepth]); /* LP can only grow */
   assert(tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth] >= tree->pathnlprows[lpstateforkdepth]); /* LP can only grow */

   /* load LP state */
   if( tree->focuslpstateforklpcount != stat->lpcount )
   {
      if( SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK )
      {
         assert(lpstatefork->data.fork != NULL);
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpSetState(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lpstatefork->data.fork->lpistate,
               lpstatefork->data.fork->lpwasprimfeas, lpstatefork->data.fork->lpwasprimchecked,
               lpstatefork->data.fork->lpwasdualfeas, lpstatefork->data.fork->lpwasdualchecked) );
      }
      else
      {
         assert(SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
         assert(lpstatefork->data.subroot != NULL);
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpSetState(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lpstatefork->data.subroot->lpistate,
               lpstatefork->data.subroot->lpwasprimfeas, lpstatefork->data.subroot->lpwasprimchecked,
               lpstatefork->data.subroot->lpwasdualfeas, lpstatefork->data.subroot->lpwasdualchecked) );
      }
      updatefeas = !lp->solved || !lp->solisbasic;
      checkbdchgs = TRUE;
   }
   else
   {
      updatefeas = TRUE;

      /* we do not need to check the bounds, since primalfeasible is updated anyway when flushing the LP */
      checkbdchgs = FALSE;
   }

   if( updatefeas )
   {
      /* check whether the size of the LP increased (destroying primal/dual feasibility) */
      lp->primalfeasible = lp->primalfeasible
         && (tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth] == tree->pathnlprows[lpstateforkdepth]);
      lp->primalchecked = lp->primalchecked
         && (tree->pathnlprows[tree->correctlpdepth] == tree->pathnlprows[lpstateforkdepth]);
      lp->dualfeasible = lp->dualfeasible
         && (tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth] == tree->pathnlpcols[lpstateforkdepth]);
      lp->dualchecked = lp->dualchecked
         && (tree->pathnlpcols[tree->correctlpdepth] == tree->pathnlpcols[lpstateforkdepth]);

      /* check the path from LP fork to focus node for domain changes (destroying primal feasibility of LP basis) */
      if( checkbdchgs )
      {
         for( d = lpstateforkdepth; d < (int)(tree->focusnode->depth) && lp->primalfeasible; ++d )
         {
            assert(d < tree->pathlen);
            lp->primalfeasible = (tree->path[d]->domchg == NULL || tree->path[d]->domchg->domchgbound.nboundchgs == 0);
            lp->primalchecked = lp->primalfeasible;
         }
      }
   }

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "-> primalfeasible=%u, dualfeasible=%u\n", lp->primalfeasible, lp->dualfeasible);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}




/*
 * Node Conversion
 */

/** converts node into LEAF and moves it into the array of the node queue
 *  if node's lower bound is greater or equal than the given upper bound, the node is deleted;
 *  otherwise, it is moved to the node queue; anyways, the given pointer is NULL after the call
 */
static
SCIP_RETCODE nodeToLeaf(
   SCIP_NODE**           node,               /**< pointer to child or sibling node to convert */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_NODE*            lpstatefork,        /**< LP state defining fork of the node */
   SCIP_Real             cutoffbound         /**< cutoff bound: all nodes with lowerbound >= cutoffbound are cut off */
   )
{
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING || SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD
      || SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(stat != NULL);
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL || lpstatefork->depth < (*node)->depth);
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL || lpstatefork->active || SCIPsetIsGE(set, (*node)->lowerbound, cutoffbound));
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);

   /* convert node into leaf */
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "convert node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d to leaf with lpstatefork #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " at depth %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(*node), SCIPnodeGetDepth(*node),
      lpstatefork == NULL ? -1 : SCIPnodeGetNumber(lpstatefork),
      lpstatefork == NULL ? -1 : SCIPnodeGetDepth(lpstatefork));
   (*node)->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF; /*lint !e641*/
   (*node)->data.leaf.lpstatefork = lpstatefork;

#ifndef NDEBUG
   /* check, if the LP state fork is the first node with LP state information on the path back to the root */
   if( !SCIPsetIsInfinity(set, -cutoffbound) ) /* if the node was cut off in SCIPnodeFocus(), the lpstatefork is invalid */
   {
      SCIP_NODE* pathnode;
      pathnode = (*node)->parent;
      while( pathnode != NULL && pathnode != lpstatefork )
      {
         assert(SCIPnodeGetType(pathnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION
            || SCIPnodeGetType(pathnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK);
         pathnode = pathnode->parent;
      }
      assert(pathnode == lpstatefork);
   }
#endif

   /* if node is good enough to keep, put it on the node queue */
   if( SCIPsetIsLT(set, (*node)->lowerbound, cutoffbound) )
   {
      /* insert leaf in node queue */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodepqInsert(tree->leaves, set, *node) );

      /* make the domain change data static to save memory */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgMakeStatic(&(*node)->domchg, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );

      /* node is now member of the node queue: delete the pointer to forbid further access */
      *node = NULL;
   }
   else
   {
      if( set->reopt_enable )
      {
         assert(reopt != NULL);
         /* check if the node should be stored for reoptimization */
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPreoptCheckCutoff(reopt, set, blkmem, *node, SCIP_EVENTTYPE_NODEINFEASIBLE, lp, SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp),
               tree->root == *node, tree->focusnode == *node, (*node)->lowerbound, tree->effectiverootdepth) );
      }

      /* delete node due to bound cut off */
      SCIPvisualCutoffNode(stat->visual, set, stat, *node, FALSE);
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeFree(node, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, lp) );
   }
   assert(*node == NULL);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** removes variables from the problem, that are marked to be deletable, and were created at the focusnode;
 *  only removes variables that were created at the focusnode, unless inlp is TRUE (e.g., when the node is cut off, anyway)
 */
static
SCIP_RETCODE focusnodeCleanupVars(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable,        /**< clique table data structure */
   SCIP_Bool             inlp                /**< should variables in the LP be deleted, too?*/
   )
{
   SCIP_VAR* var;
   int i;
   int ndelvars;
   SCIP_Bool needdel;
   SCIP_Bool deleted;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(stat != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   /* check the settings, whether variables should be deleted */
   needdel = (tree->focusnode == tree->root ? set->price_delvarsroot : set->price_delvars);

   if( !needdel )
      return SCIP_OKAY;

   ndelvars = 0;

   /* also delete variables currently in the LP, thus remove all new variables from the LP, first */
   if( inlp )
   {
      /* remove all additions to the LP at this node */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpShrinkCols(lp, set, SCIPlpGetNCols(lp) - SCIPlpGetNNewcols(lp)) );

      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpFlush(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue) );
   }

   /* mark variables as deleted */
   for( i = 0; i < transprob->nvars; i++ )
   {
      var = transprob->vars[i];
      assert(var != NULL);

      /* check whether variable is deletable */
      if( SCIPvarIsDeletable(var) )
      {
         if( !SCIPvarIsInLP(var) )
         {
            /* fix the variable to 0, first */
            assert(!SCIPsetIsFeasPositive(set, SCIPvarGetLbGlobal(var)));
            assert(!SCIPsetIsFeasNegative(set, SCIPvarGetUbGlobal(var)));

            if( !SCIPsetIsFeasZero(set, SCIPvarGetLbGlobal(var)) )
            {
               SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeAddBoundchg(tree->root, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob,
                     tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, eventqueue, cliquetable, var, 0.0, SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_LOWER, FALSE) );
            }
            if( !SCIPsetIsFeasZero(set, SCIPvarGetUbGlobal(var)) )
            {
               SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeAddBoundchg(tree->root, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob,
                     tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, eventqueue, cliquetable, var, 0.0, SCIP_BOUNDTYPE_UPPER, FALSE) );
            }

            SCIP_CALL( SCIPprobDelVar(transprob, blkmem, set, eventqueue, var, &deleted) );

            if( deleted )
               ndelvars++;
         }
         else
         {
            /* mark variable to be non-deletable, because it will be contained in the basis information
             * at this node and must not be deleted from now on
             */
            SCIPvarMarkNotDeletable(var);
         }
      }
   }

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "delvars at node %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT ", deleted %d vars\n", stat->nnodes, ndelvars);

   if( ndelvars > 0 )
   {
      /* perform the variable deletions from the problem */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPprobPerformVarDeletions(transprob, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, cliquetable, lp, branchcand) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** converts the focus node into a dead-end node */
static
SCIP_RETCODE focusnodeToDeadend(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable         /**< clique table data structure */
   )
{
   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(tree->nchildren == 0);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focusnode #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " to dead-end at depth %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(tree->focusnode), SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focusnode));

   /* remove variables from the problem that are marked as deletable and were created at this node */
   SCIP_CALL( focusnodeCleanupVars(blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, cliquetable, TRUE) );

   tree->focusnode->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_DEADEND; /*lint !e641*/

   /* release LPI state */
   if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState(tree->focuslpstatefork, blkmem, lp) );
   }

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** converts the focus node into a leaf node (if it was postponed) */
static
SCIP_RETCODE focusnodeToLeaf(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_NODE*            lpstatefork,        /**< LP state defining fork of the node */
   SCIP_Real             cutoffbound         /**< cutoff bound: all nodes with lowerbound >= cutoffbound are cut off */

   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(tree->focusnode->active);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focusnode #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " to leaf at depth %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(tree->focusnode), SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focusnode));

   SCIP_CALL( nodeToLeaf(&tree->focusnode, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, reopt, lp, lpstatefork, cutoffbound));

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** converts the focus node into a junction node */
static
SCIP_RETCODE focusnodeToJunction(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(tree->focusnode->active); /* otherwise, no children could be created at the focus node */
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(SCIPlpGetNNewcols(lp) == 0);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focusnode #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " to junction at depth %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(tree->focusnode), SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focusnode));

   /* convert node into junction */
   tree->focusnode->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_JUNCTION; /*lint !e641*/

   SCIP_CALL( junctionInit(&tree->focusnode->data.junction, tree) );

   /* release LPI state */
   if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState(tree->focuslpstatefork, blkmem, lp) );
   }

   /* make the domain change data static to save memory */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgMakeStatic(&tree->focusnode->domchg, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** converts the focus node into a pseudofork node */
static
SCIP_RETCODE focusnodeToPseudofork(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable         /**< clique table data structure */
   )
{
   SCIP_PSEUDOFORK* pseudofork;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(tree->focusnode->active); /* otherwise, no children could be created at the focus node */
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(tree->nchildren > 0);
   assert(lp != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focusnode #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " to pseudofork at depth %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(tree->focusnode), SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focusnode));

   /* remove variables from the problem that are marked as deletable and were created at this node */
   SCIP_CALL( focusnodeCleanupVars(blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, cliquetable, FALSE) );

   /* create pseudofork data */
   SCIP_CALL( pseudoforkCreate(&pseudofork, blkmem, tree, lp) );

   tree->focusnode->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK; /*lint !e641*/
   tree->focusnode->data.pseudofork = pseudofork;

   /* release LPI state */
   if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState(tree->focuslpstatefork, blkmem, lp) );
   }

   /* make the domain change data static to save memory */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgMakeStatic(&tree->focusnode->domchg, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** converts the focus node into a fork node */
static
SCIP_RETCODE focusnodeToFork(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_MESSAGEHDLR*     messagehdlr,        /**< message handler */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< global event filter */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable         /**< clique table data structure */
   )
{
   SCIP_FORK* fork;
   SCIP_Bool lperror;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(tree->focusnode->active); /* otherwise, no children could be created at the focus node */
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(tree->nchildren > 0);
   assert(lp != NULL);
   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved || lp->resolvelperror);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focusnode #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " to fork at depth %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(tree->focusnode), SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focusnode));

   /* usually, the LP should be solved to optimality; otherwise, numerical troubles occured,
    * and we have to forget about the LP and transform the node into a junction (see below)
    */
   lperror = FALSE;
   if( !lp->resolvelperror && SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp) == SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_OPTIMAL )
   {
      /* clean up newly created part of LP to keep only necessary columns and rows */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpCleanupNew(lp, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, eventfilter, (tree->focusnode->depth == 0)) );

      /* resolve LP after cleaning up */
      if( !lp->solved || !lp->flushed )
      {
         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "resolving LP after cleanup\n");
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpSolveAndEval(lp, set, messagehdlr, blkmem, stat, eventqueue, eventfilter, transprob, -1LL, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, &lperror) );
      }
   }
   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved || lperror || lp->resolvelperror);

   /* There are two reasons, that the (reduced) LP is not solved to optimality:
    *  - The primal heuristics (called after the current node's LP was solved) found a new 
    *    solution, that is better than the current node's lower bound.
    *    (But in this case, all children should be cut off and the node should be converted
    *    into a dead-end instead of a fork.)
    *  - Something numerically weird happened after cleaning up or after resolving a diving or probing LP.
    * The only thing we can do, is to completely forget about the LP and treat the node as
    * if it was only a pseudo-solution node. Therefore we have to remove all additional
    * columns and rows from the LP and convert the node into a junction.
    * However, the node's lower bound is kept, thus automatically throwing away nodes that
    * were cut off due to a primal solution.
    */
   if( lperror || lp->resolvelperror || SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp) != SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_OPTIMAL )
   {
      SCIPmessagePrintVerbInfo(messagehdlr, set->disp_verblevel, SCIP_VERBLEVEL_FULL,
         "(node %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT ") numerical troubles: LP %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " not optimal -- convert node into junction instead of fork\n",
         stat->nnodes, stat->nlps);

      /* remove all additions to the LP at this node */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpShrinkCols(lp, set, SCIPlpGetNCols(lp) - SCIPlpGetNNewcols(lp)) );
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpShrinkRows(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, SCIPlpGetNRows(lp) - SCIPlpGetNNewrows(lp)) );

      /* convert node into a junction */
      SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToJunction(blkmem, set, eventqueue, tree, lp) );

      return SCIP_OKAY;
   }
   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved);
   assert(SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp) == SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_OPTIMAL);

   /* remove variables from the problem that are marked as deletable, were created at this node and are not contained in the LP */
   SCIP_CALL( focusnodeCleanupVars(blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, cliquetable, FALSE) );

   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved);

   /* create fork data */
   SCIP_CALL( forkCreate(&fork, blkmem, set, transprob, tree, lp) );

   tree->focusnode->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK; /*lint !e641*/
   tree->focusnode->data.fork = fork;

   /* capture the LPI state of the root node to ensure that the LPI state of the root stays for the whole solving
    * process
    */
   if( tree->focusnode == tree->root )
      forkCaptureLPIState(fork, 1);

   /* release LPI state */
   if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState(tree->focuslpstatefork, blkmem, lp) );
   }

   /* make the domain change data static to save memory */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgMakeStatic(&tree->focusnode->domchg, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

#ifdef WITHSUBROOTS  /** @todo test whether subroots should be created */
/** converts the focus node into a subroot node */
static
SCIP_RETCODE focusnodeToSubroot(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_MESSAGEHDLR*     messagehdlr,        /**< message handler */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< global event filter */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem after presolve */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable         /**< clique table data structure */
   )
{
   SCIP_SUBROOT* subroot;
   SCIP_Bool lperror;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
   assert(tree->focusnode->active); /* otherwise, no children could be created at the focus node */
   assert(tree->nchildren > 0);
   assert(lp != NULL);
   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focusnode #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " to subroot at depth %d\n",
      SCIPnodeGetNumber(tree->focusnode), SCIPnodeGetDepth(tree->focusnode));

   /* usually, the LP should be solved to optimality; otherwise, numerical troubles occured,
    * and we have to forget about the LP and transform the node into a junction (see below)
    */
   lperror = FALSE;
   if( SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp) == SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_OPTIMAL )
   {
      /* clean up whole LP to keep only necessary columns and rows */
#ifdef SCIP_DISABLED_CODE
      if( tree->focusnode->depth == 0 )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpCleanupAll(lp, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, eventfilter, (tree->focusnode->depth == 0)) );
      }
      else
#endif
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpRemoveAllObsoletes(lp, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, eventfilter) );
      }

      /* resolve LP after cleaning up */
      if( !lp->solved || !lp->flushed )
      {
         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "resolving LP after cleanup\n");
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpSolveAndEval(lp, set, messagehdlr, blkmem, stat, eventqueue, eventfilter, transprob, -1LL, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, &lperror) );
      }
   }
   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved || lperror);

   /* There are two reasons, that the (reduced) LP is not solved to optimality:
    *  - The primal heuristics (called after the current node's LP was solved) found a new
    *    solution, that is better than the current node's lower bound.
    *    (But in this case, all children should be cut off and the node should be converted
    *    into a dead-end instead of a subroot.)
    *  - Something numerically weird happened after cleaning up.
    * The only thing we can do, is to completely forget about the LP and treat the node as
    * if it was only a pseudo-solution node. Therefore we have to remove all additional
    * columns and rows from the LP and convert the node into a junction.
    * However, the node's lower bound is kept, thus automatically throwing away nodes that
    * were cut off due to a primal solution.
    */
   if( lperror || SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp) != SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_OPTIMAL )
   {
      SCIPmessagePrintVerbInfo(messagehdlr, set->disp_verblevel, SCIP_VERBLEVEL_FULL,
         "(node %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT ") numerical troubles: LP %" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " not optimal -- convert node into junction instead of subroot\n",
         stat->nnodes, stat->nlps);

      /* remove all additions to the LP at this node */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpShrinkCols(lp, set, SCIPlpGetNCols(lp) - SCIPlpGetNNewcols(lp)) );
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPlpShrinkRows(lp, blkmem, set, eventqueue, eventfilter, SCIPlpGetNRows(lp) - SCIPlpGetNNewrows(lp)) );

      /* convert node into a junction */
      SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToJunction(blkmem, set, eventqueue, tree, lp) );

      return SCIP_OKAY;
   }
   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved);
   assert(SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp) == SCIP_LPSOLSTAT_OPTIMAL);

   /* remove variables from the problem that are marked as deletable, were created at this node and are not contained in the LP */
   SCIP_CALL( focusnodeCleanupVars(blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, transprob, origprob, tree, lp, branchcand, cliquetable, FALSE) );

   assert(lp->flushed);
   assert(lp->solved);

   /* create subroot data */
   SCIP_CALL( subrootCreate(&subroot, blkmem, set, transprob, tree, lp) );

   tree->focusnode->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT; /*lint !e641*/
   tree->focusnode->data.subroot = subroot;

   /* update the LP column and row counter for the converted node */
   SCIP_CALL( treeUpdatePathLPSize(tree, tree->focusnode->depth) );

   /* release LPI state */
   if( tree->focuslpstatefork != NULL )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeReleaseLPIState(tree->focuslpstatefork, blkmem, lp) );
   }

   /* make the domain change data static to save memory */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgMakeStatic(&tree->focusnode->domchg, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
#endif

/** puts all nodes in the array on the node queue and makes them LEAFs */
static
SCIP_RETCODE treeNodesToQueue(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< dynamic problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_NODE**           nodes,              /**< array of nodes to put on the queue */
   int*                  nnodes,             /**< pointer to number of nodes in the array */
   SCIP_NODE*            lpstatefork,        /**< LP state defining fork of the nodes */
   SCIP_Real             cutoffbound         /**< cutoff bound: all nodes with lowerbound >= cutoffbound are cut off */
   )
{
   int i;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(set != NULL);
   assert(nnodes != NULL);
   assert(*nnodes == 0 || nodes != NULL);

   for( i = 0; i < *nnodes; ++i )
   {
      /* convert node to LEAF and put it into leaves queue, or delete it if it's lower bound exceeds the cutoff bound */
      SCIP_CALL( nodeToLeaf(&nodes[i], blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, reopt, lp, lpstatefork, cutoffbound) );
      assert(nodes[i] == NULL);
   }
   *nnodes = 0;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** converts children into siblings, clears children array */
static
void treeChildrenToSiblings(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree                /**< branch and bound tree */
   )
{
   SCIP_NODE** tmpnodes;
   SCIP_Real* tmpprios;
   int tmpnodessize;
   int i;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->nsiblings == 0);

   tmpnodes = tree->siblings;
   tmpprios = tree->siblingsprio;
   tmpnodessize = tree->siblingssize;

   tree->siblings = tree->children;
   tree->siblingsprio = tree->childrenprio;
   tree->nsiblings = tree->nchildren;
   tree->siblingssize = tree->childrensize;

   tree->children = tmpnodes;
   tree->childrenprio = tmpprios;
   tree->nchildren = 0;
   tree->childrensize = tmpnodessize;

   for( i = 0; i < tree->nsiblings; ++i )
   {
      assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->siblings[i]) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD);
      tree->siblings[i]->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING; /*lint !e641*/

      /* because CHILD and SIBLING structs contain the same data in the same order, we do not have to copy it */
      assert(&(tree->siblings[i]->data.sibling.arraypos) == &(tree->siblings[i]->data.child.arraypos));
   }
}

/** installs a child, a sibling, or a leaf node as the new focus node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPnodeFocus(
   SCIP_NODE**           node,               /**< pointer to node to focus (or NULL to remove focus); the node
                                              *   is freed, if it was cut off due to a cut off subtree */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_MESSAGEHDLR*     messagehdlr,        /**< message handler */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_PRIMAL*          primal,             /**< primal data */
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< branch and bound tree */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CONFLICT*        conflict,           /**< conflict analysis data */
   SCIP_CONFLICTSTORE*   conflictstore,      /**< conflict store */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< event filter for global (not variable dependent) events */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable,        /**< clique table data structure */
   SCIP_Bool*            cutoff,             /**< pointer to store whether the given node can be cut off */
   SCIP_Bool             postponed,          /**< was the current focus node postponed? */
   SCIP_Bool             exitsolve           /**< are we in exitsolve stage, so we only need to loose the children */
   )
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   SCIP_NODE* oldfocusnode;
   SCIP_NODE* fork;
   SCIP_NODE* lpfork;
   SCIP_NODE* lpstatefork;
   SCIP_NODE* subroot;
   SCIP_NODE* childrenlpstatefork;
   int oldcutoffdepth;

   assert(node != NULL);
   assert(*node == NULL
      || SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING
      || SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD
      || SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF);
   assert(*node == NULL || !(*node)->active);
   assert(stat != NULL);
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));
   assert(lp != NULL);
   assert(cutoff != NULL);

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focusing node #%" SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT " of type %d in depth %d\n",
      *node != NULL ? SCIPnodeGetNumber(*node) : -1, *node != NULL ? (int)SCIPnodeGetType(*node) : 0,
      *node != NULL ? SCIPnodeGetDepth(*node) : -1);

   /* remember old cutoff depth in order to know, whether the children and siblings can be deleted */
   oldcutoffdepth = tree->cutoffdepth;

   /* find the common fork node, the new LP defining fork, and the new focus subroot,
    * thereby checking, if the new node can be cut off
    */
   treeFindSwitchForks(tree, *node, &fork, &lpfork, &lpstatefork, &subroot, cutoff);
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focus node: focusnodedepth=%d, forkdepth=%d, lpforkdepth=%d, lpstateforkdepth=%d, subrootdepth=%d, cutoff=%u\n",
      *node != NULL ? (*node)->depth : -1, fork != NULL ? fork->depth : -1, /*lint !e705 */
      lpfork != NULL ? lpfork->depth : -1, lpstatefork != NULL ? lpstatefork->depth : -1, /*lint !e705 */
      subroot != NULL ? subroot->depth : -1, *cutoff); /*lint !e705 */

   /* free the new node, if it is located in a cut off subtree */
   if( *cutoff )
   {
      assert(*node != NULL);
      assert(tree->cutoffdepth == oldcutoffdepth);
      if( SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodepqRemove(tree->leaves, set, *node) );
      }
      SCIPvisualCutoffNode(stat->visual, set, stat, *node, FALSE);

      if( set->reopt_enable )
      {
         assert(reopt != NULL);
         /* check if the node should be stored for reoptimization */
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPreoptCheckCutoff(reopt, set, blkmem, *node, SCIP_EVENTTYPE_NODEINFEASIBLE, lp, SCIPlpGetSolstat(lp),
               tree->root == (*node), tree->focusnode == (*node), (*node)->lowerbound, tree->effectiverootdepth) );
      }

      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeFree(node, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, lp) );

      return SCIP_OKAY;
   }

   assert(tree->cutoffdepth == INT_MAX);
   assert(fork == NULL || fork->active);
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL || lpfork != NULL);
   assert(subroot == NULL || lpstatefork != NULL);

   /* remember the depth of the common fork node for LP updates */
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focus node: old correctlpdepth=%d\n", tree->correctlpdepth);
   if( subroot == tree->focussubroot && fork != NULL && lpfork != NULL )
   {
      /* we are in the same subtree with valid LP fork: the LP is correct at most upto the common fork depth */
      assert(subroot == NULL || subroot->active);
      tree->correctlpdepth = MIN(tree->correctlpdepth, (int)fork->depth);
   }
   else
   {
      /* we are in a different subtree, or no valid LP fork exists: the LP is completely incorrect */
      assert(subroot == NULL || !subroot->active
         || (tree->focussubroot != NULL && (int)(tree->focussubroot->depth) > subroot->depth));
      tree->correctlpdepth = -1;
   }

   /* if the LP state fork changed, the lpcount information for the new LP state fork is unknown */
   if( lpstatefork != tree->focuslpstatefork )
      tree->focuslpstateforklpcount = -1;

   /* in exitsolve we only need to take care of open children
    *
    * @note because we might do a 'newstart' and converted cuts to constraints might have rendered the LP in the current
    *       focusnode unsolved the latter code would have resolved the LP unnecessarily
    */
   if( exitsolve && tree->nchildren > 0 )
   {
      SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> deleting the %d children (in exitsolve) of the old focus node\n", tree->nchildren);
      SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->children, &tree->nchildren, NULL, -SCIPsetInfinity(set)) );
      assert(tree->nchildren == 0);
   }

   /* if the old focus node was cut off, we can delete its children;
    * if the old focus node's parent was cut off, we can also delete the focus node's siblings
    */
   /* coverity[var_compare_op] */
   if( tree->focusnode != NULL && oldcutoffdepth <= (int)tree->focusnode->depth )
   {
      SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "path to old focus node of depth %u was cut off at depth %d\n", tree->focusnode->depth, oldcutoffdepth);

      /* delete the focus node's children by converting them to leaves with a cutoffbound of -SCIPsetInfinity(set);
       * we cannot delete them directly, because in SCIPnodeFree(), the children array is changed, which is the
       * same array we would have to iterate over here;
       * the children don't have an LP fork, because the old focus node is not yet converted into a fork or subroot
       */
      SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> deleting the %d children of the old focus node\n", tree->nchildren);
      SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->children, &tree->nchildren, NULL, -SCIPsetInfinity(set)) );
      assert(tree->nchildren == 0);

      if( oldcutoffdepth < (int)tree->focusnode->depth )
      {
         /* delete the focus node's siblings by converting them to leaves with a cutoffbound of -SCIPsetInfinity(set);
          * we cannot delete them directly, because in SCIPnodeFree(), the siblings array is changed, which is the
          * same array we would have to iterate over here;
          * the siblings have the same LP state fork as the old focus node
          */
         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> deleting the %d siblings of the old focus node\n", tree->nsiblings);
         SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->siblings, &tree->nsiblings, tree->focuslpstatefork,
               -SCIPsetInfinity(set)) );
         assert(tree->nsiblings == 0);
      }
   }

   /* convert the old focus node into a fork or subroot node, if it has children;
    * otherwise, convert it into a dead-end, which will be freed later in treeSwitchPath();
    * if the node was postponed, make it a leaf.
    */
   childrenlpstatefork = tree->focuslpstatefork;

   assert(!postponed || *node == NULL);
   assert(!postponed || tree->focusnode != NULL);

   if( postponed )
   {
      assert(tree->nchildren == 0);
      assert(*node == NULL);

      /* if the node is infeasible, convert it into a deadend; otherwise, put it into the LEAF queue */
      if( SCIPsetIsGE(set, tree->focusnode->lowerbound, primal->cutoffbound) )
      {
         /* in case the LP was not constructed (due to the parameter settings for example) we have the finally remember the
          * old size of the LP (if it was constructed in an earlier node) before we change the current node into a deadend
          */
         if( !tree->focuslpconstructed )
            SCIPlpMarkSize(lp);

         /* convert old focus node into deadend */
         SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToDeadend(blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand,
               cliquetable) );
      }
      else
      {
         SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToLeaf(blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, reopt, lp, tree->focuslpstatefork,
               SCIPsetInfinity(set)) );
      }
   }
   else if( tree->nchildren > 0 )
   {
      SCIP_Bool selectedchild;

      assert(tree->focusnode != NULL);
      assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE);
      assert(oldcutoffdepth == INT_MAX);

      /* check whether the next focus node is a child of the old focus node */
      selectedchild = (*node != NULL && SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD);

      if( tree->focusnodehaslp && lp->isrelax )
      {
         assert(tree->focuslpconstructed);

#ifdef WITHSUBROOTS  /** @todo test whether subroots should be created, decide: old focus node becomes fork or subroot */
         if( tree->focusnode->depth > 0 && tree->focusnode->depth % 25 == 0 )
         {
            /* convert old focus node into a subroot node */
            SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToSubroot(blkmem, set, messagehdlr, stat, eventqueue, eventfilter, transprob, origprob, tree, lp, branchcand) );
            if( *node != NULL && SCIPnodeGetType(*node) == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD
               && SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
               subroot = tree->focusnode;
         }
         else
#endif
         {
            /* convert old focus node into a fork node */
            SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToFork(blkmem, set, messagehdlr, stat, eventqueue, eventfilter, transprob, origprob, tree,
                  reopt, lp, branchcand, cliquetable) );
         }

         /* check, if the conversion into a subroot or fork was successful */
         if( SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
            || SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT )
         {
            childrenlpstatefork = tree->focusnode;

            /* if a child of the old focus node was selected as new focus node, the old node becomes the new focus
             * LP fork and LP state fork
             */
            if( selectedchild )
            {
               lpfork = tree->focusnode;
               tree->correctlpdepth = tree->focusnode->depth;
               lpstatefork = tree->focusnode;
               tree->focuslpstateforklpcount = stat->lpcount;
            }
         }

         /* update the path's LP size */
         tree->pathnlpcols[tree->focusnode->depth] = SCIPlpGetNCols(lp);
         tree->pathnlprows[tree->focusnode->depth] = SCIPlpGetNRows(lp);
      }
      else if( tree->focuslpconstructed && (SCIPlpGetNNewcols(lp) > 0 || SCIPlpGetNNewrows(lp) > 0) )
      {
         /* convert old focus node into pseudofork */
         SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToPseudofork(blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp,
               branchcand, cliquetable) );
         assert(SCIPnodeGetType(tree->focusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK);

         /* update the path's LP size */
         tree->pathnlpcols[tree->focusnode->depth] = SCIPlpGetNCols(lp);
         tree->pathnlprows[tree->focusnode->depth] = SCIPlpGetNRows(lp);

         /* if a child of the old focus node was selected as new focus node, the old node becomes the new focus LP fork */
         if( selectedchild )
         {
            lpfork = tree->focusnode;
            tree->correctlpdepth = tree->focusnode->depth;
         }
      }
      else
      {
         /* in case the LP was not constructed (due to the parameter settings for example) we have the finally remember the
          * old size of the LP (if it was constructed in an earlier node) before we change the current node into a junction
          */
         SCIPlpMarkSize(lp);

         /* convert old focus node into junction */
         SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToJunction(blkmem, set, eventqueue, tree, lp) );
      }
   }
   else if( tree->focusnode != NULL )
   {
      /* in case the LP was not constructed (due to the parameter settings for example) we have the finally remember the
       * old size of the LP (if it was constructed in an earlier node) before we change the current node into a deadend
       */
      if( !tree->focuslpconstructed )
         SCIPlpMarkSize(lp);

      /* convert old focus node into deadend */
      SCIP_CALL( focusnodeToDeadend(blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, transprob, origprob, tree, reopt, lp, branchcand, cliquetable) );
   }
   assert(subroot == NULL || SCIPnodeGetType(subroot) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT);
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK);
   assert(childrenlpstatefork == NULL
      || SCIPnodeGetType(childrenlpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT
      || SCIPnodeGetType(childrenlpstatefork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK);
   assert(lpfork == NULL
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_SUBROOT
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_FORK
      || SCIPnodeGetType(lpfork) == SCIP_NODETYPE_PSEUDOFORK);
   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "focus node: new correctlpdepth=%d\n", tree->correctlpdepth);

   /* set up the new lists of siblings and children */
   oldfocusnode = tree->focusnode;
   if( *node == NULL )
   {
      /* move siblings to the queue, make them LEAFs */
      SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->siblings, &tree->nsiblings, tree->focuslpstatefork,
            primal->cutoffbound) );

      /* move children to the queue, make them LEAFs */
      SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->children, &tree->nchildren, childrenlpstatefork,
            primal->cutoffbound) );
   }
   else
   {
      SCIP_NODE* bestleaf;

      switch( SCIPnodeGetType(*node) )
      {  
      case SCIP_NODETYPE_SIBLING:
         /* reset plunging depth, if the selected node is better than all leaves */
         bestleaf = SCIPtreeGetBestLeaf(tree);
         if( bestleaf == NULL || SCIPnodepqCompare(tree->leaves, set, *node, bestleaf) <= 0 )
            stat->plungedepth = 0;

         /* move children to the queue, make them LEAFs */
         SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->children, &tree->nchildren, childrenlpstatefork,
               primal->cutoffbound) );

         /* remove selected sibling from the siblings array */
         treeRemoveSibling(tree, *node);

         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "selected sibling node, lowerbound=%g, plungedepth=%d\n", (*node)->lowerbound, stat->plungedepth);
         break;

      case SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD:
         /* reset plunging depth, if the selected node is better than all leaves; otherwise, increase plunging depth */
         bestleaf = SCIPtreeGetBestLeaf(tree);
         if( bestleaf == NULL || SCIPnodepqCompare(tree->leaves, set, *node, bestleaf) <= 0 )
            stat->plungedepth = 0;
         else
            stat->plungedepth++;

         /* move siblings to the queue, make them LEAFs */
         SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->siblings, &tree->nsiblings, tree->focuslpstatefork,
               primal->cutoffbound) );

         /* remove selected child from the children array */      
         treeRemoveChild(tree, *node);

         /* move remaining children to the siblings array, make them SIBLINGs */
         treeChildrenToSiblings(tree);

         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "selected child node, lowerbound=%g, plungedepth=%d\n", (*node)->lowerbound, stat->plungedepth);
         break;

      case SCIP_NODETYPE_LEAF:
         /* move siblings to the queue, make them LEAFs */
         SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->siblings, &tree->nsiblings, tree->focuslpstatefork,
               primal->cutoffbound) );

         /* encounter an early backtrack if there is a child which does not exceed given reference bound */
         if( !SCIPsetIsInfinity(set, stat->referencebound) )
         {
            int c;

            /* loop over children and stop if we find a child with a lower bound below given reference bound */
            for( c = 0; c < tree->nchildren; ++c )
            {
               if( SCIPsetIsLT(set, SCIPnodeGetLowerbound(tree->children[c]), stat->referencebound) )
               {
                  ++stat->nearlybacktracks;
                  break;
               }
            }
         }
         /* move children to the queue, make them LEAFs */
         SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->children, &tree->nchildren, childrenlpstatefork,
               primal->cutoffbound) );

         /* remove node from the queue */
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodepqRemove(tree->leaves, set, *node) );

         stat->plungedepth = 0;
         if( SCIPnodeGetDepth(*node) > 0 )
            stat->nbacktracks++;
         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "selected leaf node, lowerbound=%g, plungedepth=%d\n", (*node)->lowerbound, stat->plungedepth);
         break;

      default:
         SCIPerrorMessage("selected node is neither sibling, child, nor leaf (nodetype=%d)\n", SCIPnodeGetType(*node));
         return SCIP_INVALIDDATA;
      }  /*lint !e788*/

      /* convert node into the focus node */
      (*node)->nodetype = SCIP_NODETYPE_FOCUSNODE; /*lint !e641*/
   }
   assert(tree->nchildren == 0);

   /* set new focus node, LP fork, LP state fork, and subroot */
   assert(subroot == NULL || (lpstatefork != NULL && subroot->depth <= lpstatefork->depth));
   assert(lpstatefork == NULL || (lpfork != NULL && lpstatefork->depth <= lpfork->depth));
   assert(lpfork == NULL || (*node != NULL && lpfork->depth < (*node)->depth));
   tree->focusnode = *node;
   tree->focuslpfork = lpfork;
   tree->focuslpstatefork = lpstatefork;
   tree->focussubroot = subroot;
   tree->focuslpconstructed = FALSE;
   lp->resolvelperror = FALSE;

   /* track the path from the old focus node to the new node, and perform domain and constraint set changes */
   SCIP_CALL( treeSwitchPath(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, origprob, primal, lp, branchcand, conflict,
         eventfilter, eventqueue, cliquetable, fork, *node, cutoff) );
   assert(tree->pathlen >= 0);
   assert(*node != NULL || tree->pathlen == 0);
   assert(*node == NULL || tree->pathlen-1 <= (int)(*node)->depth);

   /* if the old focus node is a dead end (has no children), delete it */
   if( oldfocusnode != NULL && SCIPnodeGetType(oldfocusnode) == SCIP_NODETYPE_DEADEND )
   {
      int appliedeffectiverootdepth;

      appliedeffectiverootdepth = tree->appliedeffectiverootdepth;
      assert(appliedeffectiverootdepth <= tree->effectiverootdepth);

      SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeFree(&oldfocusnode, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, lp) );
      assert(tree->effectiverootdepth < tree->pathlen || *node == NULL || *cutoff);

      if( tree->effectiverootdepth > appliedeffectiverootdepth && *node != NULL && !(*cutoff) )
      {
         int d;

         /* promote the constraint set and bound changes up to the new effective root to be global changes */
         SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "effective root is now at depth %d: applying constraint set and bound changes to global problem\n",
            tree->effectiverootdepth);

         for( d = appliedeffectiverootdepth + 1; d <= tree->effectiverootdepth; ++d )
         {
            SCIP_Bool nodecutoff;

            SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> applying constraint set changes of depth %d\n", d);
            SCIP_CALL( SCIPconssetchgMakeGlobal(&tree->path[d]->conssetchg, blkmem, set, stat, transprob, reopt) );
            SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, " -> applying bound changes of depth %d\n", d);
            SCIP_CALL( SCIPdomchgApplyGlobal(tree->path[d]->domchg, blkmem, set, stat, lp, branchcand, eventqueue, cliquetable,
                  &nodecutoff) );

            if( nodecutoff )
            {
               SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCutoff(tree->path[d], set, stat, tree, transprob, origprob, reopt, lp, blkmem) );
               *cutoff = TRUE;
            }
         }

         tree->appliedeffectiverootdepth = tree->effectiverootdepth;
      }
   }
   assert(*cutoff || SCIPtreeIsPathComplete(tree));

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}




/*
 * Tree methods
 */

/** creates an initialized tree data structure */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPtreeCreate(
   SCIP_TREE**           tree,               /**< pointer to tree data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_NODESEL*         nodesel             /**< node selector to use for sorting leaves in the priority queue */
   )
{
   int p;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(blkmem != NULL);

   SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocMemory(tree) );

   (*tree)->root = NULL;

   SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodepqCreate(&(*tree)->leaves, set, nodesel) );

   /* allocate one slot for the prioritized and the unprioritized bound change */
   for( p = 0; p <= 1; ++p )
   {
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*tree)->divebdchgdirs[p], 1) ); /*lint !e866*/
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*tree)->divebdchgvars[p], 1) ); /*lint !e866*/
      SCIP_ALLOC( BMSallocBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*tree)->divebdchgvals[p], 1) ); /*lint !e866*/
      (*tree)->ndivebdchanges[p] = 0;
      (*tree)->divebdchgsize[p] = 1;
   }

   (*tree)->path = NULL;
   (*tree)->focusnode = NULL;
   (*tree)->focuslpfork = NULL;
   (*tree)->focuslpstatefork = NULL;
   (*tree)->focussubroot = NULL;
   (*tree)->children = NULL;
   (*tree)->siblings = NULL;
   (*tree)->probingroot = NULL;
   (*tree)->childrenprio = NULL;
   (*tree)->siblingsprio = NULL;
   (*tree)->pathnlpcols = NULL;
   (*tree)->pathnlprows = NULL;
   (*tree)->probinglpistate = NULL;
   (*tree)->probinglpinorms = NULL;
   (*tree)->pendingbdchgs = NULL;
   (*tree)->probdiverelaxsol = NULL;
   (*tree)->pendingbdchgssize = 0;
   (*tree)->npendingbdchgs = 0;
   (*tree)->focuslpstateforklpcount = -1;
   (*tree)->childrensize = 0;
   (*tree)->nchildren = 0;
   (*tree)->siblingssize = 0;
   (*tree)->nsiblings = 0;
   (*tree)->pathlen = 0;
   (*tree)->pathsize = 0;
   (*tree)->effectiverootdepth = 0;
   (*tree)->appliedeffectiverootdepth = 0;
   (*tree)->correctlpdepth = -1;
   (*tree)->cutoffdepth = INT_MAX;
   (*tree)->repropdepth = INT_MAX;
   (*tree)->repropsubtreecount = 0;
   (*tree)->focusnodehaslp = FALSE;
   (*tree)->probingnodehaslp = FALSE;
   (*tree)->focuslpconstructed = FALSE;
   (*tree)->cutoffdelayed = FALSE;
   (*tree)->probinglpwasflushed = FALSE;
   (*tree)->probinglpwassolved = FALSE;
   (*tree)->probingloadlpistate = FALSE;
   (*tree)->probinglpwasrelax = FALSE;
   (*tree)->probingsolvedlp = FALSE;
   (*tree)->forcinglpmessage = FALSE;
   (*tree)->sbprobing = FALSE;
   (*tree)->probinglpwasprimfeas = TRUE;
   (*tree)->probinglpwasdualfeas = TRUE;
   (*tree)->probdiverelaxstored = FALSE;
   (*tree)->probdiverelaxincludeslp = FALSE;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** frees tree data structure */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPtreeFree(
   SCIP_TREE**           tree,               /**< pointer to tree data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   int p;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(*tree != NULL);
   assert((*tree)->nchildren == 0);
   assert((*tree)->nsiblings == 0);
   assert((*tree)->focusnode == NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(*tree));

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "free tree\n");

   /* free node queue */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodepqFree(&(*tree)->leaves, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, *tree, lp) );

   /* free diving bound change storage */
   for( p = 0; p <= 1; ++p )
   {
      BMSfreeBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*tree)->divebdchgdirs[p], (*tree)->divebdchgsize[p]); /*lint !e866*/
      BMSfreeBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*tree)->divebdchgvals[p], (*tree)->divebdchgsize[p]); /*lint !e866*/
      BMSfreeBlockMemoryArray(blkmem, &(*tree)->divebdchgvars[p], (*tree)->divebdchgsize[p]); /*lint !e866*/
   }

   /* free pointer arrays */
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->path);
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->children);
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->siblings);
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->childrenprio);
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->siblingsprio);
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->pathnlpcols);
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->pathnlprows);
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->probdiverelaxsol);
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*tree)->pendingbdchgs);

   BMSfreeMemory(tree);

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** clears and resets tree data structure and deletes all nodes */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPtreeClear(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< tree data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   int v;

   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->nchildren == 0);
   assert(tree->nsiblings == 0);
   assert(tree->focusnode == NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));

   SCIPsetDebugMsg(set, "clearing tree\n");

   /* clear node queue */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodepqClear(tree->leaves, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, tree, lp) );
   assert(tree->root == NULL);

   /* we have to remove the captures of the variables within the pending bound change data structure */
   for( v = tree->npendingbdchgs-1; v >= 0; --v )
   {
      SCIP_VAR* var;

      var = tree->pendingbdchgs[v].var;
      assert(var != NULL);

      /* release the variable */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPvarRelease(&var, blkmem, set, eventqueue, lp) );
   }

   /* mark working arrays to be empty and reset data */
   tree->focuslpstateforklpcount = -1;
   tree->nchildren = 0;
   tree->nsiblings = 0;
   tree->pathlen = 0;
   tree->effectiverootdepth = 0;
   tree->appliedeffectiverootdepth = 0;
   tree->correctlpdepth = -1;
   tree->cutoffdepth = INT_MAX;
   tree->repropdepth = INT_MAX;
   tree->repropsubtreecount = 0;
   tree->npendingbdchgs = 0;
   tree->focusnodehaslp = FALSE;
   tree->probingnodehaslp = FALSE;
   tree->cutoffdelayed = FALSE;
   tree->probinglpwasflushed = FALSE;
   tree->probinglpwassolved = FALSE;
   tree->probingloadlpistate = FALSE;
   tree->probinglpwasrelax = FALSE;
   tree->probingsolvedlp = FALSE;

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** creates the root node of the tree and puts it into the leaves queue */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPtreeCreateRoot(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< tree data structure */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_LP*              lp                  /**< current LP data */
   )
{
   assert(tree != NULL);
   assert(tree->nchildren == 0);
   assert(tree->nsiblings == 0);
   assert(tree->root == NULL);
   assert(tree->focusnode == NULL);
   assert(!SCIPtreeProbing(tree));

   /* create root node */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPnodeCreateChild(&tree->root, blkmem, set, stat, tree, 0.0, -SCIPsetInfinity(set)) );
   assert(tree->nchildren == 1);

#ifndef NDEBUG
   /* check, if the sizes in the data structures match the maximal numbers defined here */
   tree->root->depth = SCIP_MAXTREEDEPTH + 1;
   tree->root->repropsubtreemark = MAXREPROPMARK;
   assert(tree->root->depth - 1 == SCIP_MAXTREEDEPTH); /*lint !e650*/
   assert(tree->root->repropsubtreemark == MAXREPROPMARK);
   tree->root->depth++;             /* this should produce an overflow and reset the value to 0 */
   tree->root->repropsubtreemark++; /* this should produce an overflow and reset the value to 0 */
   assert(tree->root->depth == 0);
   assert((SCIP_NODETYPE)tree->root->nodetype == SCIP_NODETYPE_CHILD);
   assert(!tree->root->active);
   assert(!tree->root->cutoff);
   assert(!tree->root->reprop);
   assert(tree->root->repropsubtreemark == 0);
#endif

   /* move root to the queue, convert it to LEAF */
   SCIP_CALL( treeNodesToQueue(tree, reopt, blkmem, set, stat, eventqueue, lp, tree->children, &tree->nchildren, NULL,
         SCIPsetInfinity(set)) );

   return SCIP_OKAY;
}

/** creates a temporary presolving root node of the tree and installs it as focus node */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPtreeCreatePresolvingRoot(
   SCIP_TREE*            tree,               /**< tree data structure */
   SCIP_REOPT*           reopt,              /**< reoptimization data structure */
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory buffers */
   SCIP_SET*             set,                /**< global SCIP settings */
   SCIP_MESSAGEHDLR*     messagehdlr,        /**< message handler */
   SCIP_STAT*            stat,               /**< problem statistics */
   SCIP_PROB*            transprob,          /**< transformed problem */
   SCIP_PROB*            origprob,           /**< original problem */
   SCIP_PRIMAL*          primal,             /**< primal data */
   SCIP_LP*              lp,                 /**< current LP data */
   SCIP_BRANCHCAND*      branchcand,         /**< branching candidate storage */
   SCIP_CONFLICT*        conflict,           /**< conflict analysis data */
   SCIP_CONFLICTSTORE*   conflictstore,      /**< conflict store */
   SCIP_EVENTFILTER*     eventfilter,        /**< event filter for global (not variable dependent) events */
   SCIP_EVENTQUEUE*      eventqueue,         /**< event queue */
   SCIP_CLIQUETABLE*     cliquetable         /**< clique table data structure */
   )
{
   SCIP_Bool cutoff;