sepa_gauge.c

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/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
/*                                                                           */
/*                  This file is part of the program and library             */
/*         SCIP --- Solving Constraint Integer Programs                      */
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/*  Copyright (c) 2002-2025 Zuse Institute Berlin (ZIB)                      */
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/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
 
/**@file   sepa_gauge.c
 * @ingroup DEFPLUGINS_SEPA
 * @brief  gauge separator
 * @author Felipe Serrano
 *
 * @todo should separator only be run when SCIPallColsInLP is true?
 * @todo add SCIPisStopped(scip) to the condition of time consuming loops
 * @todo check if it makes sense to implement the copy callback
 */
 
/*---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8----+----9----+----0----+----1----+----2*/
 
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
 
#include "blockmemshell/memory.h"
#include "scip/scip_nlpi.h"
#include "scip/nlpi_ipopt.h"
#include "scip/nlpioracle.h"
#include "scip/scip_expr.h"
#include "scip/pub_expr.h"
#include "scip/pub_lp.h"
#include "scip/pub_message.h"
#include "scip/pub_misc.h"
#include "scip/pub_nlp.h"
#include "scip/pub_sepa.h"
#include "scip/pub_var.h"
#include "scip/scip_cut.h"
#include "scip/scip_lp.h"
#include "scip/scip_mem.h"
#include "scip/scip_message.h"
#include "scip/scip_nlp.h"
#include "scip/scip_numerics.h"
#include "scip/scip_param.h"
#include "scip/scip_prob.h"
#include "scip/scip_sepa.h"
#include "scip/scip_sol.h"
#include "scip/scip_solvingstats.h"
#include "scip/scip_timing.h"
#include "scip/sepa_gauge.h"
#include <string.h>
 
 
#define SEPA_NAME              "gauge"
#define SEPA_DESC              "gauge separator"
#define SEPA_PRIORITY                 0
#define SEPA_FREQ                    -1
#define SEPA_MAXBOUNDDIST           1.0
#define SEPA_USESSUBSCIP          FALSE /**< does the separator use a secondary SCIP instance? */
#define SEPA_DELAY                FALSE /**< should separation method be delayed, if other separators found cuts? */
 
#define VIOLATIONFAC                100 /**< constraints regarded as violated when violation > VIOLATIONFAC*SCIPfeastol */
#define MAX_ITER                     75 /**< maximum number of iterations for the line search */
 
#define DEFAULT_NLPITERLIM         1000 /**< default NLP iteration limit */
 
#define NLPFEASFAC                  1e-1/**< NLP feasibility tolerance = NLPFEASFAC * SCIP's feasibility tolerance */
 
#define INTERIOROBJVARLB           -100 /**< lower bound of the objective variable when computing interior point */
 
/*
 * Data structures
 */
 
/** side that makes a nlrow convex */
enum ConvexSide
{
   LHS = 0,                                  /**< left hand side */
   RHS = 1                                   /**< right hand side */
};
typedef enum ConvexSide CONVEXSIDE;
 
/** position of a point */
enum Position
{
   INTERIOR = 0,         /**< point is in the interior of the region */
   BOUNDARY = 1,         /**< point is in the boundary of the region */
   EXTERIOR = 2          /**< point is in the exterior of the region */
};
typedef enum Position POSITION;
 
/** separator data */
struct SCIP_SepaData
{
   SCIP_NLROW**          nlrows;             /**< stores convex nlrows */
   CONVEXSIDE*           convexsides;        /**< which sides make the nlrows convex */
   int*                  nlrowsidx;          /**< indices of nlrows that violate the current lp solution */
   int                   nnlrowsidx;         /**< total number of convex nonlinear nlrows that violate the current lp solution */
   int                   nnlrows;            /**< total number of convex nonlinear nlrows */
   int                   nlrowssize;         /**< memory allocated for nlrows, convexsides and nlrowsidx */
 
   SCIP_Bool             isintsolavailable;  /**< do we have an interior point available? */
   SCIP_Bool             skipsepa;           /**< whether separator should be skipped */
   SCIP_SOL*             intsol;             /**< stores interior point */
 
   int                   ncuts;              /**< number of cuts generated */
 
   /* parameters */
   int                   nlpiterlimit;       /**< iteration limit of NLP solver; 0 for no limit */
};
 
/*
 * Local methods
 */
 
/** stores, from the constraints represented by nlrows, the nonlinear convex ones in sepadata */
static
SCIP_RETCODE storeNonlinearConvexNlrows(
   SCIP*                 scip,               /**< SCIP data structure */
   SCIP_SEPADATA*        sepadata,           /**< separator data */
   SCIP_NLROW**          nlrows,             /**< nlrows from which to store convex ones */
   int                   nnlrows             /**< number of nlrows */
   )
{
   int i;
 
   assert(scip != NULL);
   assert(sepadata != NULL);
   assert(nlrows != NULL);
   assert(nnlrows > 0);
 
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "storing convex nlrows\n");
 
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPallocBlockMemoryArray(scip, &(sepadata->nlrows), nnlrows) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPallocBlockMemoryArray(scip, &(sepadata->convexsides), nnlrows) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPallocBlockMemoryArray(scip, &(sepadata->nlrowsidx), nnlrows) );
   sepadata->nlrowssize = nnlrows;
 
   sepadata->nnlrows = 0;
   for( i = 0; i < nnlrows; ++i )
   {
      SCIP_NLROW* nlrow;
 
      nlrow = nlrows[i];
      assert(nlrow != NULL);
 
      /* linear case */
      if( SCIPnlrowGetCurvature(nlrow) == SCIP_EXPRCURV_LINEAR || SCIPnlrowGetExpr(nlrow) == NULL )
         continue;
 
      /* nonlinear case */
      if( !SCIPisInfinity(scip, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow)) && SCIPnlrowGetCurvature(nlrow) == SCIP_EXPRCURV_CONVEX )
      {
         sepadata->convexsides[sepadata->nnlrows] = RHS;
         sepadata->nlrows[sepadata->nnlrows] = nlrow;
         ++(sepadata->nnlrows);
      }
      else if( !SCIPisInfinity(scip, -SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow)) && SCIPnlrowGetCurvature(nlrow) == SCIP_EXPRCURV_CONCAVE )
      {
         sepadata->convexsides[sepadata->nnlrows] = LHS;
         sepadata->nlrows[sepadata->nnlrows] = nlrow;
         ++(sepadata->nnlrows);
      }
   }
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
/** computes an interior point of a convex NLP relaxation
 *
 * builds the convex relaxation, modifies it to find an interior
 * point, solves it and frees it; more details in @ref sepa_gauge.h
 *
 * @note the method also counts the number of nonlinear convex constraints and if there are < 2, then the convex
 * relaxation is not interesting and the separator will not run again
 */
static
SCIP_RETCODE computeInteriorPoint(
   SCIP*                 scip,               /**< SCIP data structure */
   SCIP_SEPADATA*        sepadata            /**< separator data */
   )
{
   SCIP_NLPIORACLE* nlpioracle;
   SCIP_NLPIPROBLEM* nlpiprob;
   SCIP_NLPI* nlpi;
   SCIP_HASHMAP* var2nlpiidx;
   SCIP_Real objvarlb;
   SCIP_Real minusone;
   SCIP_Real one;
   int nconvexnlrows;
   int objvaridx;
   int nconss;
   int nvars;
   int i;
 
   assert(scip != NULL);
   assert(sepadata != NULL);
   assert(!sepadata->skipsepa);
 
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "Computing interior point\n");
 
   /* create convex relaxation NLP */
   assert(SCIPgetNNlpis(scip) > 0);
 
   nlpi = SCIPgetNlpis(scip)[0];
   assert(nlpi != NULL);
 
   nvars = SCIPgetNVars(scip);
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPhashmapCreate(&var2nlpiidx, SCIPblkmem(scip), nvars) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPcreateNlpiProblemFromNlRows(scip, nlpi, &nlpiprob, "gauge-interiorpoint-nlp", SCIPgetNLPNlRows(scip), SCIPgetNNLPNlRows(scip), var2nlpiidx,
            NULL, NULL, SCIPgetCutoffbound(scip), FALSE, TRUE) );
 
   /* add objective variable; the problem is \min t, s.t. g(x) <= t, l(x) <= 0, where g are nonlinear and l linear */
   objvaridx = nvars;
   objvarlb = INTERIOROBJVARLB;
   one = 1.0;
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPaddNlpiVars(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob, 1, &objvarlb, NULL, NULL) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPsetNlpiObjective(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob, 1, &objvaridx, &one, NULL, 0.0) );
 
   /* add objective variables to constraints; for this we need to get nlpi oracle to have access to number of
    * constraints and which constraints are nonlinear
    */
   /* @todo: this code is only valid when using IPOPT and needs to be changed when new NLP solvers get interfaced */
   assert(strcmp(SCIPnlpiGetName(nlpi), "ipopt") == 0);
   nlpioracle = (SCIP_NLPIORACLE *)SCIPgetNlpiOracleIpopt(nlpiprob);
   assert(nlpioracle != NULL);
   assert(SCIPnlpiOracleGetNVars(nlpioracle) == objvaridx + 1);
 
   minusone = -1.0;
   nconvexnlrows = 0;
   nconss = SCIPnlpiOracleGetNConstraints(nlpioracle);
   for( i = 0; i < nconss; i++ )
   {
      if( SCIPnlpiOracleIsConstraintNonlinear(nlpioracle, i) )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPchgNlpiLinearCoefs(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob, i, 1, &objvaridx, &minusone) );
         ++nconvexnlrows;
      }
   }
   SCIPdebug( SCIP_CALL( SCIPnlpiOraclePrintProblem(scip, nlpioracle, NULL) ) );
 
   /* check if convex relaxation is interesting */
   if( nconvexnlrows < 2 )
   {
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "convex relaxation is not interesting, only %d nonlinear convex rows; abort\n", nconvexnlrows);
      sepadata->skipsepa = TRUE;
      goto CLEANUP;
   }
 
   /* add linear rows */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPaddNlpiProblemRows(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob, var2nlpiidx, SCIPgetLPRows(scip), SCIPgetNLPRows(scip)) );
 
   /* compute interior point */
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "starting interior point computation\n");
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPsolveNlpi(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob,
      .iterlimit = sepadata->nlpiterlimit > 0 ? sepadata->nlpiterlimit : INT_MAX,
      .feastol = NLPFEASFAC * SCIPfeastol(scip),
      .opttol = MAX(SCIPfeastol(scip), SCIPdualfeastol(scip))) );   /*lint !e666*/
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "finish interior point computation\n");
 
#ifdef SCIP_DEBUG
   {
      SCIP_NLPSTATISTICS nlpstatistics;
 
      /* get statistics */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPgetNlpiStatistics(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob, &nlpstatistics) );
 
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "nlpi took iters %d, time %g searching for an find interior point: solstat %d\n",
            nlpstatistics.niterations, nlpstatistics.totaltime,
            SCIPgetNlpiSolstat(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob));
   }
#endif
 
   if( SCIPgetNlpiSolstat(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob) <= SCIP_NLPSOLSTAT_FEASIBLE )
   {
      SCIP_Real* nlpisol;
 
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPgetNlpiSolution(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob, &nlpisol, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL) );
 
      assert(nlpisol != NULL);
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "NLP solved: sol found has objvalue = %g\n", nlpisol[objvaridx]);
 
      /* if we found an interior point store it */
      if( SCIPisFeasNegative(scip, nlpisol[objvaridx]) )
      {
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "Interior point found!, storing it\n");
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPcreateSol(scip, &sepadata->intsol, NULL) );
         for( i = 0; i < nvars; i ++ )
         {
            SCIP_VAR* var;
 
            var = SCIPgetVars(scip)[i];
            assert(SCIPhashmapExists(var2nlpiidx, (void*)var) );
 
            /* @todo: filter zero? */
            SCIP_CALL( SCIPsetSolVal(scip, sepadata->intsol, var,
                     nlpisol[SCIPhashmapGetImageInt(var2nlpiidx, (void *)var)]) );
         }
 
         sepadata->isintsolavailable = TRUE;
      }
      else
      {
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "We got a feasible point but not interior (objval: %g)\n", nlpisol[objvaridx]);
         sepadata->skipsepa = TRUE;
      }
   }
   else
   {
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "We couldn't get an interior point (stat: %d)\n", SCIPgetNlpiSolstat(scip, nlpi, nlpiprob));
      sepadata->skipsepa = TRUE;
   }
 
CLEANUP:
   /* free memory */
   SCIPhashmapFree(&var2nlpiidx);
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPfreeNlpiProblem(scip, nlpi, &nlpiprob) );
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
 
/** find whether point is in the interior, at the boundary, or in the exterior of the region described by the
 * intersection of `nlrows[i]` &le; rhs if `convexsides[i]` = RHS or lhs &le; `nlrows[i]` if `convexsides[i]` = LHS
 *
 * @note point corresponds to a convex combination between the LP solution and the interior point
 */
static
SCIP_RETCODE findPointPosition(
   SCIP*                 scip,               /**< SCIP data structure */
   SCIP_NLROW**          nlrows,             /**< nlrows defining the region */
   int*                  nlrowsidx,          /**< indices of nlrows defining the region */
   int                   nnlrowsidx,         /**< number of nlrows indices */
   CONVEXSIDE*           convexsides,        /**< sides of the nlrows involved in the region */
   SCIP_SOL*             point,              /**< point for which we want to know its position */
   POSITION*             position            /**< buffer to store position of sol */
   )
{
   int i;
 
   assert(scip != NULL);
   assert(nlrows != NULL);
   assert(convexsides != NULL);
   assert(nnlrowsidx > 0);
   assert(point != NULL);
   assert(position != NULL);
 
   *position = INTERIOR;
   for( i = 0; i < nnlrowsidx; i++ )
   {
      SCIP_NLROW* nlrow;
      SCIP_Real activity;
      CONVEXSIDE convexside;
 
      nlrow = nlrows[nlrowsidx[i]];
      convexside = convexsides[nlrowsidx[i]];
 
      /* compute activity of nlrow at point */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPgetNlRowSolActivity(scip, nlrow, point, &activity) );
      if( activity == SCIP_INVALID )  /*lint !e777*/
      {
         *position = EXTERIOR;
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "exterior because cons <%s> cannot be evaluated\n", SCIPnlrowGetName(nlrow));
         SCIPdebug( SCIPprintNlRow(scip, nlrow, NULL) );
         return SCIP_OKAY;
      }
 
      if( convexside == RHS )
      {
         assert(!SCIPisInfinity(scip, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow)));
 
         /* if nlrow <= rhs is violated, then we are in the exterior */
         if( SCIPisFeasGT(scip, activity, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow)) )
         {
            *position = EXTERIOR;
            SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "exterior because cons <%s> has activity %g. rhs: %g\n", SCIPnlrowGetName(nlrow),
                  activity, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow));
            SCIPdebug( SCIPprintNlRow(scip, nlrow, NULL) );
 
            return SCIP_OKAY;
         }
 
         /* if nlrow(point) == rhs, then we are currently at the boundary */
         if( SCIPisFeasEQ(scip, activity, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow)) )
            *position = BOUNDARY;
      }
      else
      {
         assert(!SCIPisInfinity(scip, -SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow)));
         assert(convexside == LHS);
 
         /* if lhs <= nlrow is violated, then we are in the exterior */
         if( SCIPisFeasLT(scip, activity, SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow)) )
         {
            *position = EXTERIOR;
            return SCIP_OKAY;
         }
 
         /* if lhs == nlrow(point), then we are currently at the boundary */
         if( SCIPisFeasEQ(scip, activity, SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow)) )
            *position = BOUNDARY;
      }
   }
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
 
/** returns, in convexcomb, the convex combination
 * \f$ \lambda\, \text{endpoint} + (1 - \lambda) \text{startpoint} = \text{startpoint} + \lambda (\text{endpoint} - \text{startpoint})\f$
 */
static
SCIP_RETCODE buildConvexCombination(
   SCIP*                 scip,               /**< SCIP data structure */
   SCIP_Real             lambda,             /**< convex combination multiplier */
   SCIP_SOL*             startpoint,         /**< point corresponding to \f$ \lambda = 0 \f$ */
   SCIP_SOL*             endpoint,           /**< point corresponding to \f$ \lambda = 1 \f$ */
   SCIP_SOL*             convexcomb          /**< solution to store convex combination of intsol and tosepasol */
   )
{
   SCIP_VAR** vars;
   int        nvars;
   int        i;
 
   assert(scip != NULL);
   assert(startpoint != NULL);
   assert(endpoint != NULL);
   assert(convexcomb != NULL);
 
   vars = SCIPgetVars(scip);
   nvars = SCIPgetNVars(scip);
 
   for( i = 0; i < nvars; i++ )
   {
      SCIP_Real val;
      SCIP_VAR* var;
 
      var = vars[i];
      val = lambda * SCIPgetSolVal(scip, endpoint, var) + (1.0 - lambda) * SCIPgetSolVal(scip, startpoint, var);
 
      if( !SCIPisZero(scip, val) )
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPsetSolVal(scip, convexcomb, var, val) );
      }
      else
      {
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPsetSolVal(scip, convexcomb, var, 0.0) );
      }
   }
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
 
/** performs binary search to find the point belonging to the segment [`intsol`, `tosepasol`] that intersects the boundary
 * of the region described by the intersection of `nlrows[i]` &le; rhs if `convexsides[i] = RHS` or lhs &le; `nlrows[i]` if not,
 * for i in `nlrowsidx`
 */
static
SCIP_RETCODE findBoundaryPoint(
   SCIP*                 scip,               /**< SCIP data structure */
   SCIP_NLROW**          nlrows,             /**< nlrows defining the region */
   int*                  nlrowsidx,          /**< indices of nlrows defining the region */
   int                   nnlrowsidx,         /**< number of nlrows indices */
   CONVEXSIDE*           convexsides,        /**< sides of the nlrows involved in the region */
   SCIP_SOL*             intsol,             /**< point acting as 'interior point' */
   SCIP_SOL*             tosepasol,          /**< solution that should be separated */
   SCIP_SOL*             sol,                /**< convex combination of intsol and lpsol */
   POSITION*             position            /**< buffer to store position of sol */
   )
{
   SCIP_Real lb;
   SCIP_Real ub;
   int i;
 
   assert(scip != NULL);
   assert(nlrows != NULL);
   assert(nlrowsidx != NULL);
   assert(convexsides != NULL);
   assert(intsol != NULL);
   assert(tosepasol != NULL);
   assert(sol != NULL);
   assert(position != NULL);
 
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "starting binary search\n");
   lb = 0.0; /* corresponds to intsol */
   ub = 1.0; /* corresponds to tosepasol */
   for( i = 0; i < MAX_ITER; i++ )
   {
      /* sol = (ub+lb)/2 * lpsol + (1 - (ub+lb)/2) * intsol */
      SCIP_CALL( buildConvexCombination(scip, (ub + lb)/2.0, intsol, tosepasol, sol) );
 
      /* find poisition of point: boundary, interior, exterior */
      SCIP_CALL( findPointPosition(scip, nlrows, nlrowsidx, nnlrowsidx, convexsides, sol, position) );
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "Position: %d, lambda: %g\n", *position, (ub + lb)/2.0);
 
      switch( *position )
      {
         case BOUNDARY:
            SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "Done\n");
            return SCIP_OKAY;
 
         case INTERIOR:
            /* want to be closer to tosepasol */
            lb = (ub + lb)/2.0;
            break;
 
         case EXTERIOR:
            /* want to be closer to intsol */
            ub = (ub + lb)/2.0;
            break;
      }
   }
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "Done\n");
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
 
/** computes gradient cut (linearization) of nlrow at sol */
static
SCIP_RETCODE generateCut(
   SCIP*                 scip,               /**< SCIP data structure */
   SCIP_SOL*             sol,                /**< point used to construct gradient cut (x_0) */
   SCIP_NLROW*           nlrow,              /**< constraint */
   CONVEXSIDE            convexside,         /**< whether we use rhs or lhs of nlrow */
   SCIP_EXPRITER*        exprit,             /**< expression iterator that can be used */
   SCIP_ROW*             row,                /**< storage for cut */
   SCIP_Bool*            success             /**< buffer to store whether the gradient was finite */
   )
{
   SCIP_EXPR* expr;
   SCIP_Real exprval;
   SCIP_Real gradx0; /* <grad f(x_0), x_0> */
   int i;
 
   assert(scip != NULL);
   assert(nlrow != NULL);
   assert(row != NULL);
 
   gradx0 = 0.0;
   *success = TRUE;
 
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPcacheRowExtensions(scip, row) );
 
#ifdef CUT_DEBUG
   SCIPdebug( SCIP_CALL( SCIPprintNlRow(scip, nlrow, NULL) ) );
#endif
 
   /* linear part */
   for( i = 0; i < SCIPnlrowGetNLinearVars(nlrow); i++ )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPaddVarToRow(scip, row, SCIPnlrowGetLinearVars(nlrow)[i], SCIPnlrowGetLinearCoefs(nlrow)[i]) );
   }
 
   expr = SCIPnlrowGetExpr(nlrow);
   assert(expr != NULL);
 
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPevalExprGradient(scip, expr, sol, 0L) );
 
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPexpriterInit(exprit, expr, SCIP_EXPRITER_DFS, FALSE) );
   for( ; !SCIPexpriterIsEnd(exprit); expr = SCIPexpriterGetNext(exprit) )  /*lint !e441*/  /*lint !e440*/
   {
      SCIP_Real grad;
      SCIP_VAR* var;
 
      if( !SCIPisExprVar(scip, expr) )
         continue;
 
      grad = SCIPexprGetDerivative(expr);
      var = SCIPgetVarExprVar(expr);
      assert(var != NULL);
 
      /* check gradient entries: function might not be differentiable */
      if( !SCIPisFinite(grad) || grad == SCIP_INVALID ) /*lint !e777*/
      {
         *success = FALSE;
         break;
      }
      /* SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "grad w.r.t. <%s> (%g) = %g, gradx0 += %g\n", SCIPvarGetName(var), SCIPgetSolVal(scip, sol, var), grad, grad * SCIPgetSolVal(scip, sol, var)); */
 
      gradx0 += grad * SCIPgetSolVal(scip, sol, var);
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPaddVarToRow(scip, row, var, grad) );
   }
 
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPflushRowExtensions(scip, row) );
 
   /* if there was a problem computing the cut -> return */
   if( ! *success )
      return SCIP_OKAY;
 
#ifdef CUT_DEBUG
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "gradient: ");
   SCIPdebug( SCIP_CALL( SCIPprintRow(scip, row, NULL) ) );
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "gradient dot x_0: %g\n", gradx0);
#endif
 
   /* gradient cut is linear part + f(x_0) - <grad f(x_0), x_0> + <grad f(x_0), x> <= rhs or >= lhs */
   exprval = SCIPexprGetEvalValue(SCIPnlrowGetExpr(nlrow));
   assert(exprval != SCIP_INVALID);  /* we should have noticed a domain error above */  /*lint !e777*/
   if( convexside == RHS )
   {
      assert(!SCIPisInfinity(scip, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow)));
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPchgRowRhs(scip, row, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow) - SCIPnlrowGetConstant(nlrow) - exprval + gradx0) );
   }
   else
   {
      assert(convexside == LHS);
      assert(!SCIPisInfinity(scip, -SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow)));
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPchgRowLhs(scip, row, SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow) - SCIPnlrowGetConstant(nlrow) - exprval + gradx0) );
   }
 
#ifdef CUT_DEBUG
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "gradient cut: ");
   SCIPdebug( SCIP_CALL( SCIPprintRow(scip, row, NULL) ) );
#endif
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
/** tries to generate gradient cuts at the point on the segment [`intsol`, `tosepasol`] that intersecs the boundary of the
 * convex relaxation
 *
 * -# checks that the relative interior of the segment actually intersects the boundary
 *    (this check is needed since `intsol` is not necessarily an interior point)
 * -# finds point on the boundary
 * -# generates gradient cut at point on the boundary
 */
static
SCIP_RETCODE separateCuts(
   SCIP*                 scip,               /**< SCIP data structure */
   SCIP_SEPA*            sepa,               /**< the cut separator itself */
   SCIP_SOL*             tosepasol,          /**< solution that should be separated */
   SCIP_RESULT*          result              /**< pointer to store the result of the separation call */
   )
{
   SCIP_SEPADATA* sepadata;
   SCIP_NLROW**   nlrows;
   CONVEXSIDE*    convexsides;
   SCIP_SOL*      sol;
   SCIP_SOL*      intsol;
   POSITION       position;
   int*           nlrowsidx;
   int            nnlrowsidx;
   int            i;
   SCIP_EXPRITER* exprit;
 
   assert(sepa != NULL);
 
   sepadata = SCIPsepaGetData(sepa);
   assert(sepadata != NULL);
 
   intsol = sepadata->intsol;
   nlrows = sepadata->nlrows;
   nlrowsidx = sepadata->nlrowsidx;
   nnlrowsidx = sepadata->nnlrowsidx;
   convexsides = sepadata->convexsides;
 
   assert(intsol != NULL);
   assert(nlrows != NULL);
   assert(nlrowsidx != NULL);
   assert(nnlrowsidx > 0);
   assert(convexsides != NULL);
 
   /* to evaluate the nlrow one needs a solution */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPcreateSol(scip, &sol, NULL) );
 
   /* don't separate if, under SCIP tolerances, only a slight perturbation of the interior point in the direction of
    * tosepasol gives a point that is in the exterior */
   SCIP_CALL( buildConvexCombination(scip, VIOLATIONFAC * SCIPfeastol(scip), intsol, tosepasol, sol) );
   SCIP_CALL( findPointPosition(scip, nlrows, nlrowsidx, nnlrowsidx, convexsides, sol, &position) );
 
   if( position == EXTERIOR )
   {
#ifdef SCIP_DEBUG
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "segment joining intsol and tosepasol seems to be contained in the exterior of the region, can't separate\n");
      /* move from intsol in the direction of -tosepasol to check if we are really tangent to the region */
      SCIP_CALL( buildConvexCombination(scip, -1e-3, intsol, tosepasol, sol) );
      SCIP_CALL( findPointPosition(scip, nlrows, nlrowsidx, nnlrowsidx, convexsides, sol, &position) );
      if( position == EXTERIOR )
      {
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "line through intsol and tosepasol is tangent to region; can't separate\n");
      }
      SCIP_CALL( findPointPosition(scip, nlrows, nlrowsidx, nnlrowsidx, convexsides, intsol, &position) );
      printf("Position of intsol is %s\n",
            position == EXTERIOR ? "exterior" : position == INTERIOR ? "interior": "boundary");
      SCIP_CALL( findPointPosition(scip, nlrows, nlrowsidx, nnlrowsidx, convexsides, tosepasol, &position) );
      printf("Position of tosepasol is %s\n",
            position == EXTERIOR ? "exterior" : position == INTERIOR ? "interior": "boundary");
 
      /* slightly move from intsol in the direction of +-tosepasol */
      SCIP_CALL( buildConvexCombination(scip, 1e-5, intsol, tosepasol, sol) );
      SCIP_CALL( findPointPosition(scip, nlrows, nlrowsidx, nnlrowsidx, convexsides, sol, &position) );
      printf("Position of intsol + 0.00001(tosepasol - inisol) is %s\n",
            position == EXTERIOR ? "exterior" : position == INTERIOR ? "interior": "boundary");
      SCIPdebug( SCIPprintSol(scip, sol, NULL, FALSE) );
 
      SCIP_CALL( buildConvexCombination(scip, -1e-5, intsol, tosepasol, sol) );
      SCIP_CALL( findPointPosition(scip, nlrows, nlrowsidx, nnlrowsidx, convexsides, sol, &position) );
      printf("Position of intsol - 0.00001(tosepasol - inisol) is %s\n",
            position == EXTERIOR ? "exterior" : position == INTERIOR ? "interior": "boundary");
      SCIPdebug( SCIPprintSol(scip, sol, NULL, FALSE) );
#endif
      *result = SCIP_DIDNOTFIND;
      goto CLEANUP;
   }
 
   /* find point on boundary */
   if( position != BOUNDARY )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( findBoundaryPoint(scip, nlrows, nlrowsidx, nnlrowsidx, convexsides, intsol, tosepasol, sol,
               &position) );
 
      /* if MAX_ITER weren't enough to find a point in the boundary we don't separate */
      if( position != BOUNDARY )
      {
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "couldn't find boundary point, don't separate\n");
         goto CLEANUP;
      }
   }
 
   /** @todo: could probably be moved inside generateCut */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPcreateExpriter(scip, &exprit) );
 
   /* generate cuts at sol */
   for( i = 0; i < nnlrowsidx; i++ )
   {
      SCIP_NLROW* nlrow;
      SCIP_ROW*   row;
      SCIP_Real   activity;
      CONVEXSIDE  convexside;
      SCIP_Bool   success;
      char        rowname[SCIP_MAXSTRLEN];
 
      nlrow = nlrows[nlrowsidx[i]];
      convexside = convexsides[nlrowsidx[i]];
 
      (void) SCIPsnprintf(rowname, SCIP_MAXSTRLEN, "%s_%u", SCIPnlrowGetName(nlrow), ++(sepadata->ncuts));
 
      /* only separate nlrows that are tight at the boundary point */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPgetNlRowSolActivity(scip, nlrow, sol, &activity) );
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "cons <%s> at boundary point has activity: %g\n", SCIPnlrowGetName(nlrow), activity);
 
      if( activity == SCIP_INVALID /*lint !e777*/
         || (convexside == RHS && !SCIPisFeasEQ(scip, activity, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow)))  /*lint !e777*/
         || (convexside == LHS && !SCIPisFeasEQ(scip, activity, SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow))) )
         continue;
 
      /* cut is globally valid, since we work on nlrows from the NLP built at the root node, which are globally valid */
      /* @todo: when local nlrows get supported in SCIP, one can think of recomputing the interior point */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPcreateEmptyRowSepa(scip, &row, sepa, rowname, -SCIPinfinity(scip), SCIPinfinity(scip),
               FALSE, FALSE , TRUE) );
      SCIP_CALL( generateCut(scip, sol, nlrow, convexside, exprit, row, &success) );
 
      /* add cut */
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "cut <%s> has efficacy %g\n", SCIProwGetName(row), SCIPgetCutEfficacy(scip, NULL, row));
      if( success && SCIPisCutEfficacious(scip, NULL, row) )
      {
         SCIP_Bool infeasible;
 
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "adding cut\n");
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPaddRow(scip, row, FALSE, &infeasible) );
 
         if( infeasible )
         {
            *result = SCIP_CUTOFF;
            SCIP_CALL( SCIPreleaseRow(scip, &row) );
            break;
         }
         else
         {
            *result = SCIP_SEPARATED;
         }
      }
 
      /* release the row */
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPreleaseRow(scip, &row) );
   }
 
   SCIPfreeExpriter(&exprit);
 
CLEANUP:
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPfreeSol(scip, &sol) );
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
/*
 * Callback methods of separator
 */
 
/** copy method for separator plugins (called when SCIP copies plugins) */
static
SCIP_DECL_SEPACOPY(sepaCopyGauge)
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   assert(scip != NULL);
   assert(sepa != NULL);
   assert(strcmp(SCIPsepaGetName(sepa), SEPA_NAME) == 0);
 
   /* call inclusion method of separator */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPincludeSepaGauge(scip) );
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
/** destructor of separator to free user data (called when SCIP is exiting) */
static
SCIP_DECL_SEPAFREE(sepaFreeGauge)
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   SCIP_SEPADATA* sepadata;
 
   assert(strcmp(SCIPsepaGetName(sepa), SEPA_NAME) == 0);
 
   /* free separator data */
   sepadata = SCIPsepaGetData(sepa);
   assert(sepadata != NULL);
 
   SCIPfreeBlockMemory(scip, &sepadata);
 
   SCIPsepaSetData(sepa, NULL);
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
 
/** solving process deinitialization method of separator (called before branch and bound process data is freed) */
static
SCIP_DECL_SEPAEXITSOL(sepaExitsolGauge)
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   SCIP_SEPADATA* sepadata;
 
   assert(sepa != NULL);
 
   sepadata = SCIPsepaGetData(sepa);
 
   assert(sepadata != NULL);
 
   /* free memory and reset data */
   if( sepadata->isintsolavailable )
   {
      SCIPfreeBlockMemoryArray(scip, &sepadata->nlrowsidx, sepadata->nlrowssize);
      SCIPfreeBlockMemoryArray(scip, &sepadata->convexsides, sepadata->nlrowssize);
      SCIPfreeBlockMemoryArray(scip, &sepadata->nlrows, sepadata->nlrowssize);
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPfreeSol(scip, &sepadata->intsol) );
 
      sepadata->nnlrows = 0;
      sepadata->nnlrowsidx = 0;
      sepadata->nlrowssize = 0;
      sepadata->isintsolavailable = FALSE;
   }
   assert(sepadata->nnlrows == 0);
   assert(sepadata->nnlrowsidx == 0);
   assert(sepadata->nlrowssize == 0);
   assert(sepadata->isintsolavailable == FALSE);
 
   sepadata->skipsepa = FALSE;
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
 
/** LP solution separation method of separator */
static
SCIP_DECL_SEPAEXECLP(sepaExeclpGauge)
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   SCIP_SEPADATA* sepadata;
   SCIP_SOL* lpsol;
   int i;
 
   assert(scip != NULL);
   assert(sepa != NULL);
 
   sepadata = SCIPsepaGetData(sepa);
 
   assert(sepadata != NULL);
 
   *result = SCIP_DIDNOTRUN;
 
   /* do not run if there is no interesting convex relaxation (with at least two nonlinear convex constraint) */
   if( sepadata->skipsepa )
   {
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "not running because convex relaxation is uninteresting\n");
      return SCIP_OKAY;
   }
 
   /* do not run if SCIP has not constructed an NLP */
   if( !SCIPisNLPConstructed(scip) )
   {
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "NLP not constructed, skipping gauge separator\n");
      return SCIP_OKAY;
   }
 
   /* do not run if SCIP has no way of solving nonlinear problems */
   if( SCIPgetNNlpis(scip) == 0 )
   {
      SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "Skip gauge separator: no nlpi and SCIP can't solve nonlinear problems without a nlpi\n");
      return SCIP_OKAY;
   }
 
   /* if we don't have an interior point compute one; if we fail to compute one, then separator will not be run again;
    * otherwise, we also store the convex nlrows in sepadata
    */
   if( !sepadata->isintsolavailable )
   {
      /* @todo: one could store the convex nonlinear rows inside computeInteriorPoint */
      SCIP_CALL( computeInteriorPoint(scip, sepadata) );
      assert(sepadata->skipsepa || sepadata->isintsolavailable);
 
      if( sepadata->skipsepa )
         return SCIP_OKAY;
 
      SCIP_CALL( storeNonlinearConvexNlrows(scip, sepadata, SCIPgetNLPNlRows(scip), SCIPgetNNLPNlRows(scip)) );
   }
 
#ifdef SCIP_DISABLED_CODE
   /* get interior point: try to compute an interior point, otherwise use primal solution, otherwise use NLP solution */
   /* @todo: - decide order:
    *        - we can also use convex combination of solutions; there is a function SCIPvarGetAvgSol!
    *        - can add an event handler to only update when a new solution has been found
    */
   if( !sepadata->isintsolavailable )
   {
      if( SCIPgetNSols(scip) > 0 )
      {
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "Using current primal solution as interior point!\n");
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPcreateSolCopy(scip, &sepadata->intsol, SCIPgetBestSol(scip)) );
         sepadata->isintsolavailable = TRUE;
      }
      else if( SCIPnlpGetSolstat(scip) <= SCIP_NLPSOLSTAT_FEASIBLE )
      {
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "Using NLP solution as interior point!\n");
         SCIP_CALL( SCIPcreateNLPSol(scip, &sepadata->intsol, NULL) );
         sepadata->isintsolavailable = TRUE;
      }
      else
      {
         SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "We couldn't find an interior point, don't have a feasible nor an NLP solution; skip separator\n");
         return SCIP_OKAY;
      }
   }
#endif
 
   /* store lp sol (or pseudo sol when lp is not solved) to be able to use it to compute nlrows' activities */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPcreateCurrentSol(scip, &lpsol, NULL) );
 
   /* store indices of relevant constraints, ie, the ones that violate the lp sol */
   sepadata->nnlrowsidx = 0;
   for( i = 0; i < sepadata->nnlrows; i++ )
   {
      SCIP_NLROW* nlrow;
      SCIP_Real activity;
 
      nlrow = sepadata->nlrows[i];
 
      SCIP_CALL( SCIPgetNlRowSolActivity(scip, nlrow, lpsol, &activity) );
      if( activity == SCIP_INVALID )  /*lint !e777*/
         continue;
 
      if( sepadata->convexsides[i] == RHS )
      {
         assert(!SCIPisInfinity(scip, SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow)));
 
         if( activity - SCIPnlrowGetRhs(nlrow) < VIOLATIONFAC * SCIPfeastol(scip) )
            continue;
      }
      else
      {
         assert(sepadata->convexsides[i] == LHS);
         assert(!SCIPisInfinity(scip, -SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow)));
 
         if( SCIPnlrowGetLhs(nlrow) - activity < VIOLATIONFAC * SCIPfeastol(scip) )
            continue;
      }
 
      sepadata->nlrowsidx[sepadata->nnlrowsidx] = i;
      ++(sepadata->nnlrowsidx);
   }
 
   /* separate only if there are violated nlrows */
   SCIPdebugMsg(scip, "there are %d violated nlrows\n", sepadata->nnlrowsidx);
   if( sepadata->nnlrowsidx > 0 )
   {
      SCIP_CALL( separateCuts(scip, sepa, lpsol, result) );
   }
 
   /* free lpsol */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPfreeSol(scip, &lpsol) );
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}
 
 
/*
 * separator specific interface methods
 */
 
/** creates the gauge separator and includes it in SCIP */
SCIP_RETCODE SCIPincludeSepaGauge(
   SCIP*                 scip                /**< SCIP data structure */
   )
{
   SCIP_SEPADATA* sepadata;
   SCIP_SEPA* sepa;
 
   /* create gauge separator data */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPallocBlockMemory(scip, &sepadata) );
 
   /* this sets all data in sepadata to 0 */
   BMSclearMemory(sepadata);
 
   /* include separator */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPincludeSepaBasic(scip, &sepa, SEPA_NAME, SEPA_DESC, SEPA_PRIORITY, SEPA_FREQ, SEPA_MAXBOUNDDIST,
         SEPA_USESSUBSCIP, SEPA_DELAY,
         sepaExeclpGauge, NULL,
         sepadata) );
 
   assert(sepa != NULL);
 
   /* set non fundamental callbacks via setter functions */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPsetSepaCopy(scip, sepa, sepaCopyGauge) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPsetSepaFree(scip, sepa, sepaFreeGauge) );
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPsetSepaExitsol(scip, sepa, sepaExitsolGauge) );
 
   /* add gauge separator parameters */
   SCIP_CALL( SCIPaddIntParam(scip, "separating/" SEPA_NAME "/nlpiterlimit",
         "iteration limit of NLP solver; 0 for no limit",
         &sepadata->nlpiterlimit, TRUE, DEFAULT_NLPITERLIM, 0, INT_MAX, NULL, NULL) );
 
   return SCIP_OKAY;
}